THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  ILLINOIS 
LIBRARY 


192\ 
N 51 


THE  RELATION  OF  FINE  AGGREGATE  TO  THE 
PROPERTIES  OF  CONCRETE 

BY 

MARVIN  CURTIS  NICHOLS 
B.  S.  in  C.  E.  University  of  Texas,  1918 


THESIS 

Submitted  in  Partial  Fulfillment  of  the  Requirements  for  the 

Degree  of 

MASTER  OF  SCIENCE 
IN  THEORETICAL  AND  APPLIED  MECHANICS 

IN 

THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 

OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


1921 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
in  2015 

J o 


https://archive.org/details/relationoffineagOOnich 


UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


THE  GRADUATE  SCHOOL 


JUNJj]  4 1Q9  1 


I HEREBY  RECOMMEND  THAT  THE  THESIS  PREPARED  UNDER  MY 

SUPERVISION  BY JAARVIM  CURTIS  NTHTTOLR 

ENTITLED  THE  RELATION  OF  RIRS  AGGREGATE  TO  TTTE  PPOP 

OF  CONCRETE 

BE  ACCEPTED  AS  FULFILLING  THIS  PART  OF  THE  REQUIREMENTS  FOR 
THE  DEGREE  OF  IvIASTER  OF  3CIEECE  IR  THEORETICAL  ilEI)  APPLIED 


^In  Charge  of  Thesis 



Head  of  Department 


Recommendation  concurred  in* 


Committee 


on 

Final  Examination* 


*Required  for  doctor’s  degree  but  not  for  master’s 


' 9 ■ 


... » 


aiOWIJJl  ’^O  YTISHHVtSI  u 

4 


JOOH03  ^JTAUCAa^  3HT 


!*!•' 


JT  . 

YM  sjcjxj  u.Wi-JHs  m:mi  Am  xw-rr  a'/:Atmajym  i ^ . | *. 

t '^'  mmt: 


.t4^jmsxik nrx^AH.^,-^  rn 

” . '■'  " '1 


hr  ‘ 


- ‘ ■ ■ ‘^4,^  . •'*  £1 

M ^ V 


Ho-f  Am  *40  tam  mh  omitvi ,n'r  ha  aa:i*tAOOA  ah 


r.os'y ^>A  ■'■'  ■ '■--•{fe'Ste.’  tigti 


five'^Tf  •'»  >f1JM®"J  **^ 


TiiBLE  OF  COETEETS 


I Introduction  page 

1.  Preliminary  1 

E.  Scope  and  Outline  of  Tests  3 

3.  iicknowledgment  4 

4.  Definition  of  Terms,  Dotation,  and  Formulas  5 

5.  Relations  effecting  the  Strength  of  Concrete  11 

II Materials,  Test  Specimens,  and  Technique  of  Tests 

6.  Materials  and  their  Physical  Properties  15 

7.  Sieve  iina lysis  E3 

8.  Specific  Gravity  and  hhsorption  32 

9.  Ifeight  of  iggregate  per  Cubic  Foot  35 

10.  Technique  of  Mortar  Voids  Tests  35 

11.  Compression  Test  Specimens  41 

12.  Storage  and  Handling  of  Test  Specimens  44 

13.  Method  of  Making  Compression  Tests  45 

III  Experimental  Data  and  Discussion 

14.  Explanation  of  Tables  47 

15.  Explanation  of  Curves  and  Diagrams  48 

16.  Explanation  of  Photographs  51 

17.  Relations  Concerning  the  Strength  of  Concrete  51 

18.  Discussion  of  Cement-Space  Ratio  60 

19.  Discussion  of  Increased  Y/ater  Content  69 

20.  Design  of  a Concrete  Mix  72 

21.  Range  of  Usefulness  of  Pine  Sands  79 

22.  Range  of  Usefulness  of  Coarse  Sands  83 

. Effect  of  Amount  of  Coarse  Material  85 


23 


E4.  General  Discussion  of  the  Mortar  Voids 


page 


Method  of  iina lysis  88 

26.  Conclusions  91 

IV  Tables,  Curves,  Diagrams,  and  Photographs 

26.  Tables  92 

27.  Curves  and  Diagrams  HE 

28.  Photographs  224 

V Appendix  1 

29.  Original  Data  Mortar  Voids  Tests  246 


DIST  OF  TiBLES 


Table  1. 
Table  2. 
Table  3. 
Table  4. 

Table  5. 

Table  6. 
Table  7. 


Tests  of  Cement  15 

Physical  Properties  of  Materials  15 

Sieve  Analyses  of  sands  27 

Percentage  of  Voids  in  Mortar  Pilled 
with  Water  92 

Voids  in  Mortar  Expresses  as  Percentage  of 
Voids  at  Basic  Water  Content  93 

Data  of  idiiesion  Tests, Mortar  Test  Specimensf  94 
Data  of  Concrete  Test  Specjnens  95 


: 


BIST  OP  PHOTOGRi^PHS 

Ro-Tap  Machine  and  Sample  Splitter  224 
Specific  Gravity  and  Absorption  Jipparatus  225 
Mortar  Voids  Test  Apparatus  226 
Apparatus  for  Making  Concrete  Test  Specimens  227 
plow  Table,  Showing  plow  of  Concrete  Test  Specimens  228 
Testing  6 x 12  in.  Test  Specimens  230 


I.  . '>■ 


■ '■•  ' : , ';  w?'  ■ ' , '• 


,1  •' 


•V' 


i 


■■  'I  ■;  • •;  ‘::  , r-'  . ■' 

■':  ■'  : " ■ I '<'■/  ■ ' ( 

L . *'  ' vi  'U. 

/ 


«T, 


'^r;;  ■•-  os't  , , 


n, . . - ‘-J 1 


.r  •'.:';u: 


y’,  \ ' 


f^:■■  '-V 


■I. iv:.'/'.  14  > ' ;., . ■ V 


■r-i 


ft, '.7 


I . y - , ■*  i 

ij , , -J  . , '( • ,,  '.I 


'j.r !,.  v‘-'' 


•iV'L'  . ';,  u:-.--  . } i\ 


'ft*,  s 


;v  ,i,  1,^  ,.  /r 


< >n. 


I*'  ■- 


n.t\  ■••'■'  TO"  '■' . ‘ ' •t-i/ 


.i:i '-: , *A/:.h^.l£a'  . , 


' .1 


'~  '.:  ■ )‘ 


• y. 


TRr^v-•>-  i n- vyy*y,^<f>,  > ■ • 


P-ge 

Testing  2x4  in*  Test  Specimens  231 

Representative  Samples  of  Sands  232 

I»I3T  OP  CURVES  Am  UUGRillS 

Curve  1.  Sieve  Analysis  Curves  28 

Curve  2.  Mortar  Voids  Curve,  Accompanying  Descrip- 
tion of  Mortar  Voids  Test  g9 

Curve  3.  Strength  Curve,  Accompanying  Discussion 

of  Cement-Space  Ratio  56 

Curve  4.  Composite  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves, 

Accompanying  Discussion  of  Cement-Space 
Ratio  51 

Curve  5.  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of  Sand  Ro.23, 

Accompanying  Discussion  of  Increased  ?mter 
Content  7q 

Curve  6.  Curve  Used  in  Demonstration  of  the  Design 

of  a Concrete  Mix  75 

Curve  7.  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of  Sand  Do. 23 

and  Do.  3,  Accompanying  Discussion  of  Range 
of  Usefulness  of  Pine  and  Coarse  Sands  80 

Curve  8.  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  112 

Curve  9.  Curves  Showing  the  Relation  Between  Com- 

pressive Strength  of  Concrete  and  Cement- 
Space  Ratio  154 

Curve  10.  Curves  Showing  the  Relation  Between  Com- 
pressive Strength  of  Concrete  and  Voids- 
Cement  Ratio 


190 


page 


Curve  11.  Curve  showing  the  Results  of  iidhesion  Tests 
Curve  12.  Diagrams  Showing  the  Percentage  of  Voids  in 
Mortar  Pilled  with  Water 


216 

217 


wlp'’-,.  ;':"-:v,'V',":'S'''  v’iii"‘''".V , ' • ■ ’ITjW::.  vS  '<{ 


■■  ■ 


1 

1.  Preliminary* - Within  recent  years  designers  of  concrete 
structures  and  experimenters  in  the  mechanics  and  properties  of 
concrete  have  become  interested  in  the  so-called  "Design  of 
Concrete  Mixtures".  Considerable  information  has  been  accumulated 

concerning  the  mechanics  of  concrete,  but  not  until  quite  recently 

* 

has  the  study  of  the  scientific  proportioning  of  concrete  received 
particular  attention.  The  recent  investigations  have  led  to  the 
proposal  of  several  theories  pertaining  to  the  design  of  concrete 
mixtures.  Most  notable  of  these  have  been:  "Water-cement  ratio 
and  fineness  modulus"  developed  by  Professor  Abrams  of  the  Struc- 
tural Materials  Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute;*  "Surface 
area"  proposed  by  Captain  L.  R.  Edwards,  and  presented  before 
the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials  in  1918.**  Mr. 

Roderick  B.  Young,  Assistant  Laboratory  Engineer  of  the  Hydro- 
Electric  Power  Commission  of  Ontario,  has  reported  some  experi- 
mental and  analytical  data  showing  the  relation  between  fineness 
modulus  and  surface  area.***  Mr.  Young  in  conjunction  with 


* D.  A.  Abrams,  "Design  of  Concrete  Mixtures",  Bulletin 
No.  1,  Structural  Materials  Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute. 

**  L.  N.  Edwards,  "Proportioning  the  Materials  of  Mortars 
and  Concretes  by  Surface  Area  of  Aggregates",  Proceedings  of  the 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  7ol,  18,1918.  Part  II. 
page  255. 

***  R.  B.  Young,  "Some  Theoretical  Studies  on  Proportioning 
Concrete  by  the  Method  of  Surface  Area  of  Aggregates" , Proceedings 
of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  Yol.  19,  1919. 

Part  II,  page  444. 


2 


Mr.  ViT.  D.  »7alcott,  also  of  the  Hydro-Electric  Power  Commission 
of  Ontario,  recently  contributed  an  excellent  paper  on  the 
measurement  of  surface  area  by  means  of  bulking  of  the  sand,* 
imong  the  earlier  investigators  in  this  country  on  the 
properties  of  concrete  should  be  mentioned  Mr,  '/Villiam  B.  Puller 
and  Mr.  Sanford  E.  Thompson,  who  in  a paper  before  the  American 
Society  of  Civil  Engineers  proposed  the  use  of  "Puller’s 
curve  of  maximum  density"  as  a basis  for  the  proportioning  of 
concrete  for  maximum  density  and  strength.** 

The  most  notable  European  v;ork  on  this  subject  is  that  of 
M.  Rene'peret,  published  in  Bulletin  de  la  Societe  d’Encourage- 
ment  pour  1’ Industrie  Rationale,  1897,  Vol.  .11,  page  1604, 
and  also  in  Annales  des  Ponts  et  Chaussees,  1896,  page  182.  A 
resume  of  this  'work  may  be  found  in  Taylor  and  Thompson, 

"Concrete  Plain  and  Reinforced",  Third  Edition,  page  145.  Further 
reference  to  this  work  of  M,  peret  is  made  under  "Relations  Af- 
fecting the  Strength  of  Concrete",  page  12. 

It  has  been  felt  by  a number  of  investigators  in  the  field 
of  concrete  that  the  theories  which  have  been  proposed  were  in- 
adeq^uate  and  did  not  take  into  consideration  some  fundamental 


* R.  B.  Young  and  William  D.  Walcott,  "The  Yoliime -Moisture 
Relation  in  Sand  and  a Method  of  Determining  Surface  Area  Based 
Thereon",  Proceedings  of  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials 
Vol.  20,  1920,  Part  II,  page  137, 

**William  B.  Puller  and  Sanford  B.  Thompson,  "Lav/s  of 
Proportioning  Concrete",  Transactions , American  Society  of  Civil 
Engineers,  1907,  Vol.  59,  page  67. 


< 


h 

/ / 


I 


1 


I 


» » 


t 


I 

:i 

I 

!1 


3 


features  entering  into  the  design  of  concrete.  A series  of  tests 
was  therefore  planned  hy  Professor  A,  1],  Talbot  as  a part  of  the 
work  of  the  Engineering  Experiment  Station  with  the  hope  that 
a method  of  analysis  might  be  found  whereby  the  properties  of 
concrete  and  its  constituent  elements  could  be  more  easily  under- 
stood. 

2.  Scope  and  Outline  of  Tests. ~ The  investigations  on 
the  properties  of  concrete  conducted  in  the  Laboratory  of  Applied 
Mechanics  in  the  spring  of  1921  under  the  supervision  of  Professor 
A,  1^.  Talbot  are  reported  in  part  in  this  thesis.  Another  por- 
tion is  reported  in  the  thesis  of  Mr.  R.  L.  Brown,  "The  Relation 
of  Water  Content  and  Consistency  of  Mix  to  the  Properties  of 
Concrete”,  Graduate  School,  University  of  Illinois,  1921. 

This  thesis  is  based  on  a study  of  the  characteristics  of 
twenty-nine  different  sands.  Twenty-four  of  these  sands  were 
natural  gradations,  three  were  artificially  graded,  one  was 
cement  alone  as  fine  aggregate,  and  one  was  Standard  Ottawa  sand. 
Of  these  sands,  complete  data  are  given  in  this  thesis  on  the 
sands  listed  in  Table  3 page  27  . The  remainder  of  the 

sands  are  reported  in  full  in  the  thesis  of  Mr.  Brov/n. 

530  6 X 12  in.  concrete  test  specimens  were  made  in  the 
Series  of  1921.  Of  this  number  286  are  reported  in  full  in  this 
thesis.  These  test  specimens  are  all  that  were  made  with  the 
natural  gradations  of  sand  and  also  those  made  v;ith  only  cement 
and  coarse  aggregate.  Mr.  Brown  reports  in  full  all  specimens 
made  from  artificially  graded  sands  Bo.  31,  32,  and  36. 


4 


The  test  specimens  made  from  the  natural  sands  were  made  as 
nearly  as  possible  with  basic  water  content.  Basic  water  con- 
tent is  defined  under  Definition  of  Terms,  on  page  5 , in 

designing  the  cylinders  the  absolute  volume  of  cement,  and  the 
absolute  volume  of  coarse  aggregate  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 
placed  concrete  were  arbitrarily  chosen.  In  most  cases  the 
absolute  volume  of  cement  per  volume  of  concrete  was  taken  as 
06,  .10  or  .16  and  the  absolute  volume  of  coarse  aggregate  per 
volume  of  concrete  as  .35,  .45,  .46,  or  .50.  ill  cylinders 
were  originally  designed  for  basic  water  content. 

This  thesis  also  reports  the  results  of  tests  of  150 
2x4  in.  mortar  test  specimens.  These  specimens  may  be  divid- 
ed into  two  divisions;  (1)  75  specimens  made  with  natural 

sands,  and  (2)  75  specimens  made  with  artificially  graded 

sands.  The  artificially  graded  sands  were  made  up  from  ittica 
sand  to  conform  to  the  sieve  analyses  of  the  natural  sands.  In 
all  mortar  specimens  a constant  ratio  bet^veen  absolute  volume 
of  sand  and  absolute  volume  of  cement  of  2.5  was  used.  Basic 
water  content  figured  on  the  basis  of  the  natural  sands  was  used 
in  all  the  specimens. 

This  thesis  deals  primarily  with  the  relation  of  fine  aggre- 
gate to  the  properties  of  concrete.  The  thesis  of  Mr.  Brown 
already  mentioned,  deals  primarily  with  the  effect  of  water  con- 
tent. 

3.  Aoknowledg;;^rnent. - The  tests  reported  herein  were 
made  in  the  University  of  Illinois  Engineering  Experiment  Station 


5 


under  the  direction  of  Professor  A,  M . Talbot,  Professor  of 
Municipal  and  Sanitary  Engineering,  in  charge  of  Theoretical 
and  Applied  Mechanics.  The  writer  is  indebted  to  Professor 
Talbot  for  many  suggestions  both  in  making  the  tests  and  in 
interpreting  the  results.  The  writer  also  desires  to  express 
his  appreciation  to  Mr.  P.  B.  Richart,  Associate,  Engineering 
Experiment  Station,  who  was  in  charge  of  the  Laboratory  work, 
for  his  valuable  criticism  of  the  work  as  it  progressed  and 
his  careful  review  of  this  thesis.  Mr.  H.  J.  Gilkey,  First 
Assistant,  Engineering  Experiment  Station,  and  Mr.  R.  L.  Brown, 
Graduate  Student,  were  of  invaluable  assistance  in  making  the 
tests  for  this  thesis. 

4.  Definition  of  Terms , Rotation,  and  Formulas. - In 
this  thesis  certain  terms  defined  as  follows  are  used: 

(1)  Water  Content  wherever  referred  to  is 
used  as  meaning  the  volume  of  water  per  unit  vol- 
ume of  freshly  placed  mortar  or  per  unit  volume  of 
freshly  placed  concrete.  This  is  exclusive  of 
water  that  may  be  necessary  due  to  absorption  and 
surface  wetting  of  the  fine  and  coarse  aggregate, 

(2)  Basic  Water  Content  is  that  volume  of 
water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly  placed  mortar  at 
which  the  volume  of  mortar  is  a minimum. 

(5)  Relative  Water  Content  of  a mortar  is  the 
ratio  of  the  water  content  of  that  mortar  to  the 


i, 

t, 


f 


.3 


■ G l&im  \ ^ ' j 

-VOI  €ifiJ  .T  I 


» 


:j  “ " " u 1 


i ^ 


i 


6 


basic  water  content. 

(4)  A concrete  is  of  Basic  Water  Content  v;hen 
the  mortar  therein  is  made  with  Basic  7/ater  Content. 

(5)  Relative  Water  Content  of  a concrete  is  ex- 
pressed as  the  relative  water  content  of  the  mortar 
therein. 

(6)  Point  of  Minimum  Volume  is  that  point  or 
state  at  which  the  volume  of  freshly  placed  mortar 
is  a minimum,  iit  that  point  Basic  V/ater  Content  is 
used,  and  the  voids  in  the  resulting  mortar  are  a 
minimum. 

(7)  Specific  G-ravity,  determined  as  described 

on  page  3E  , is  the  specific  gravity  after  15  minutes 
immersion  in  water. 

(8)  iibsorption,  determined  as  described  on 
page  5E  , is  expressed  in  percentage  by  weight  ab- 
sorbed during  15  minutes  immersion. 

(9)  Sand  in  general  is  used  in  its  commonly 
accepted  sense:  namely,  a fine  aggregate  derived  from 
a natural  source  all  of  which  will  pass,  when  dry, 

a Bo.  4 Tyler  standard  sieve.  The  fine  aggregates 
used  in  the  tests  reported  herein  are  referred  to  as 
sands,  regardless  of  occasional  non-conf ormat ion  to 


the  above  definition 


7 


i'lO)  Coarse  iiggregate  is  used  to  descrilDe  that 
rock,  gravel,  slag,  etc.  used  in  concrete  which  is  too 
coarse  to  pass  the  l^o.  4 standard  sieve.  In  the  tests 
described  herein  gravel  between  the  s/s  and  1 in,  sieves 
was  used, 

(11)  The  Surface  irea  of  an  aggregate  is  used 
in  this  thesis  as  the  summation  of  the  surface  areas  of 

its  individual  particles  - these  particles  being  considered 
spheres,  equal  in  volume  to  that  of  the  actual  particles. 

(12)  Fineness  Modulus  is  a function  of  the  relative 
diameters  of  the  particles  of  an  aggregate  as'  calculated 
from  the  sieve  analysis. 

Surface  Modulus  is  proportional  to  the  surface  area 
and  is  a function  of  the  relative  surface  areas  of  the 
particles  of  an  aggregate  as  calculated  from  the  sieve 
analysis . * 


* For  a further  discussion  of  surface  modulus,  fineness 
modulus,  and  surface  area,  see  Discussion  by  Professor  A*  E, 
Talbot,  Proceedings,  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials, 
Volume  19,  1919,  Part  ll,  page  481, 


8 


Professor  Talbot  has  proposed  the  use  of  the 
following  coefficients  in  the  determination  of  these 
moduli. 


Sieve 

Size 

Coefficient  for 
Surface  Modulus 

Coefficient  for 
Fineness  Modulus 

0 - 

100 

1 

0 

100  - 

48 

i/z 

.01 

48  - 

28 

1/4: 

.02 

28  - 

14 

1/8 

.03 

14  - 

8 

1/I6 

.04 

8 - 

4 

1/32 

.05 

4 - 

3/8 

l/64 

.06 

3/8  - 

3/4 

1/128 

.07 

3/4- 

1 1/2 

l/256 

• 

0 

CO 

1 1/2- 

3 

1/512 

.09 

The  percentage  by  weight  of  the  aggregate  of  the 
specified  size  is  multiplied  by  the  proper  coefficient. 
The  sum  of  these  products  is  the  fineness  modulus  or 
surface  modulus  as  the  case  may  be. 

(13)  Cement-space  Ratio  is  the  ratio-  of  absolute 
volume  of  cement  to  the  space  occupied  by  the  cement 


and  voids 


V 


9 


(14)  Cement-voids  Ratio  is  the  ratio  of  absolute 
volume  of  cement  to  the  space  occupied  by  the  voids 
(both  air  and  v/ater). 


The  notation  used  is  as  follows: 

k = weight  of  water  per  unit  volume 
= 1 in  metric  system 
= 62.4  in  English  system 
a’=  absolute  volume  of  sand  in  a given  mix 
b’=  absolute  volume  of  coarse  aggregate  in  a given  mix 
c’=  absolute  volume  of  cement  in  a given  mix 
w'=  volume  of  water  in  a given  mix 
= volume  of  resulting  mix  if  mortar 

of  resulting  mix  if  concrete 
v'm  =volu]'fie  of  voids  in  resulting  mix  if  mix  is  mortar 
v^o  =volume  of  voids  in  resulting  mix  if  mix  is  concrete 

Q , _ wt,  of  sand 

specific  gravity  x k 

bi  _ lyt.  of  eoarse  aggregate 
specific gravity  x k 

, Y/t.  of  cement 

® ~ specific  gravity  x k 


7/t.  of  V7ater 


a = absolute  volume  of  sand  per  unit  volume  of 
freshly  placed  mortar  or  concrete 

b = absolute  volume  of  coarse  aggregate  per  unit 
volume  of  freshly  placed  concrete. 


10 


c a absolute  volume  of  cement  per  unit  volume  of 
freshly  placed  mortar  or  concrete 

WjQ  a volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 
placed  mortar 

Wq  a Volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 
placed  concrete 

w a volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 

placed  mortar  allowed  for  absorption  of  fine 
aggregate 

Wqq  = volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 

placed  concrete  allowed  for  absorption  of  fine 
aggregate 

w , a volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly  placed 
concrete  allowed  for  absorption  of  coarse  aggre- 
gate 

Wq^  a volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 

placed  concrete  including  allowance  for  the  ab- 
sorption of  both  fine  and  coarse  aggregate 

^mo  *^^sic  water  content  in  freshly  placed  mortar 

Wqq  a basic  water  content  in  freshly  placed  concrete 

a absolute  volume  of  solids  per  unit  volume  of 
freshly  placed  mortar 

a a + c 

d a absolute  volume  of  solids  per  unit  volume  of 
° freshly  placed  concrete 

a a+  b + c 

Vjj^  a volume  of  voids  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 
placed  mortar 

Yq  a volume  of  voids  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 
placed  concrete 

P.M.V=  point  of  minimum  volume 

S a ultimate  load  on  test  specimen  in  lb. per  sq.  in. 

The  following  assumptions  have  been  made: 


:tv 


V .';  rt.-T^ 


O.'ILJ  =.'•'.  f5 


i 7 - . ..  •-  ..  ic  tij*!.;* 


-.7' 


'l  N/. 


♦ i 


0"J'.  J.  V1>  r 


1Cd‘!.V..  ':  . 


• (?  nil  . ■ , - 

.■  i.o  J ioT^J.  IV' 7' 

oj r*r3^  a 


B'3 


• ^ ( . 


^i..-  Tvi; 
' f.-.  o ! ’". 


iSft- 


• : ■>&  iV  '_ 

5^^  w T'V'  * • ! 


I 


. Jjiov  ^:■  ' .^  '^-U- 

*vo.-ii  --'ji  jicarnX/  ' 

3 . B- 


'i  S';-,-;  / r , . „ -.ru,  Tto:;j' 

■’  ,r  ’ X • I if  - 6vft*To 


..  o..:j.i:  T 


XO- 


ft:?-  - . i 


■ '.*•'■■;••■  c_ I ".r*,(.>z  r.  ii  Ti  1-  ■>•  A - ' X' 

. : : . ..  '.y.--.  .'  ii..  1.  ii  ■ 

. V t:  ..:::"^.:y  c, 

•r  f-sbitP:  ',%‘r.v-iT't 


- 


...  . [<^v 


•.:  - £ V.  Sf  J V e>s/‘ 

Ovi»X9UO0 


■>  »■ 


tf  r 


•>  - ■ “T  * ': 


{.  . o. 


, x“.  I 


c c 


-1  . t 


C-^.i  7 -rt'ii'f.  'I  O''  i' t-'i  V u:  ; ' 5-- 

* ’ '*  ' 3 BOOi^  :i 


LmKi 


11 


(1)  The  voids  in  the  coarse  aggregate  (in  the  con- 
crete) are  filled  with  the  mortar. 

(2)  The  total  voids  in  the  concrete  a.'e  equal  to  the 
total  voids  in  the  mortar  therein. 

On  the  basis  of  the  above  assumptions  the  following  formulas 

have  been  developed: 


(1) 

(H) 

^0  = 

(3) 

^C  = 

(1-b)  Tm 

(4) 

a + c 

. + b = 1 

(5) 

a ’ + 

c* 

d,y. 

* ^ m 

(6) 

a*  + 

P * 

* V I ^ t 

^m 

b»  a q'g 

(7) 

"c  = 

(1  - b)  Wjji 

(8) 

w = 

GX 

w + w + W - 

c ca  cb 

6.  Relations  i^ff ecting  the  Strength  of  Concrete.-  In- 
vestigations conducted  by  Professor  A.  H.  Talbot  in  1920,  and 
substantiated  by  a study  of  the  Series  83,  122,  and  124  of  the 


Structural  Materials  Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute,  have 
brought  out  the  fact  that  the  strength  of  concrete  is  probably 
directly  proportional  to  the  cement  content,  and  inversely 
proportional  to  the  volume  of  the  cement  plus  voids.  There  also 
appears  to  be  a relation  between  cement  content  and  voids,  that 
is,  between  cement  content  and  the  space  outside  the  aggregate  and 
cement.  These  relations  may  be  expressed  in  mathematical  notation*. 


n 


< 


' 1 


1 


12 


Strength  » function  of  c 

( v+c) 

= function  of  cement-space  ratio 
Strength  = function 

= function  of  cement-voids  ratio 


Professor  Talbot  has  prepared  a paper  on  this  subject  to 
be  presented  before  the  Annual  Convention  of  the  American 
society  for  Testing  Materials  in  June,  1921,  in  which  may  be 
found  curves  showing  the  relations  expressed  in  equations  (1) 
and  ( 2 ) • 

M*  Peret,  the  noted  French  investigator,  realized  the  signi- 
ficance of  these  relations,  and  in  his  paper  published  in  Bulle- 
tin de  la  Societe  d* Encouragement  pour  1* Industrie  Mationale, 
1897,  Volume  II,  page  1604,  may  be  found  data  lending  support 
to  the  above  theory.  The  results  of  peret *s  tests  are  discussed 
at  some  length  by  Taylor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  Plain  and  Rein- 
forced”, page  153.  Peret' s work,  however,  was  primarily  upon 
the  strength  of  mortars.  > 


- II- 


mTERIiLS,  TEST  3PEGIMEES TECHNIQUE  OF  TESTS 


i 

i 


/ 


13 

6.  Materials  and  the ir  Physical  Properties." 

Cement. - Universal  Portland  cement  was  used  in  the  tests. 

This  cement  had  been  on  hand  in  the  laboratory  for  several  years. 

A portion  of  the  cement  had  been  stored  for  the  past  year  in 
large  galvanized  iron  containers  in  the  basement  of  the  laboratory 
The  remainder  had  been  stored  in  a dry  storage  room.  Before  us- 
ing, all  the  cement  was  screened  over  a Bo.  28  screen  to  remove 
any  possible  lumps. 


TABiE  1 

TESTS  OP  CBlvEET 


Sample 

Uo. 

Tensile  Strength  1:3  Mortar 
Pounds  per  Square  In. 

Per  Cent  ’i/yater 
at  normal 

Per  Cent  water 
Used  in 

7 days 

28  days 

Consistency 

Mortar 

1 

170 

270 

24.0 

10.5 

2 

155 

285 

24.0 

10.5 

3 

160 

260 

24.5 

10.6 

4 

216 

315 

24.5 

10.6 

iv. 

176 

285 

The  average  time  of  initial  set  as  determined  by  Gillmore 
Beedles  was  1 hr,  26  min.,  final  set,  10  hr.  00  min.  The  average 
specific  gravity  was  found  to  be  3.10.  The  cement  passed  satis- 
factorily the  steam  test  for  soundness. 


' T-  ■ ■ - - — ^ 

‘ () 

: l' 


t'  ■ 


Qr2..-zv  D'-. 


i 


I 


(■ 


14 


^11  tests  on  the  cement  were  made  in  accordance  with  the 
standard  specifications  of  the  iimerican  Society  for  Testing 
Materials. * 

Fine  Aggregate. » Twenty-nine  different  fine  aggregates 
were  used  in  the  tests.  Sand  Uo.  0 was  Standard  Ottawa  Sand. 
Sands  Mo.  1-22  inclusive  were  furnished  the  laboratory  by 
Professor  D,  A.  Abrams,  Structural  Materials  Research  Labora- 
tory, Lewis  Institute,  Chicago.  These  sands  were  shipped  to 
the  laboratory  in  canvas  bags.  Approximately  200  pounds  of 
each  sand  were  received.  The  Lot  lumbers  given  for  the  sands 
in  Table  2 , page  15,  are  the  identification  numbers  used 
by  Professor  Abrams,  Sand  Mo.  23  was  a fine  sand  and  was 
furnished  by  the  Illinois  Highway  Department.  Sand  Mo.  24  was 
a natural  sand  from  near  the  Wabash  River,  Attica,  Indiana. 

Sand  No.  26  was  the  cement  used  as  a fine  aggregate  without 
any  actual  sand.  Cement  of  the  same  quality  was  used  in  all 
the  tests.  Sands  No.  31,  32,  and  36  were  artificially  graded 
sands,  made  up  from  certain  sizes  of  Attica  sand.  A photograph 
of  representative  samples  of  the  sands  is  shown  on  page  232. 


*"Standard  Specifications  and  Tests  for  Portland  Cement," 
adopted  January  1,  1917,  A.  S.  T.  M.  Standards,  1918,  page  503. 


rrtai 


O 


■4 

U 


>>  Ij 


- ..A 


s i 


D > 


‘3  J d 


1 .■ 


\ 


■ ?r  _ Cv  ”,.*'  : ■ . ‘X  , _ • ■ ' 1*  " : ' . -C 


. ^VT  F/ 


J ^ 


t 


:I:-.^  J 


%1 


i' 


It 


J 


M 


L’ 


m 


L-I-  ::.:  ■ 


1 


,.  'X'=‘ 


-■  *■  'V.-. 


- 'ii-IJS 

. ; .'  t‘.i  1~ 


4 


•I 


M 


< * ? 


l 


i 

li 


CO 

1-1 

M 

K 

m 

EH 


o 


CO 

e 

Eh 

(M  fr\ 

Ph 


a 


, . o 

m ft^ 
pH 
EH 

t-1 

o 

n 

CO 

>H 

Ph 


w 

•H 

Fh 

O 


o 

-p 

o 

1-1 


nnii 

P! 

05 

CO 


CD" 


CO 


00 


00  00" 


00 


00  00 
^00'^ 


00' 


00  00  CO  00 


.00 


© 

CQ 

^;dHtOOJt<;>00«lHtQtO-<4<Cf3COCM^ 

■vjH  H 

tsj 

1 

1 

1 1 

1 1 1 1 

1 I 1 1 

1 1 1 

1 1 1 

> 

1 I 

1 1 1 1 

1 1 i 

•H 

o 

ooooooooooo 

ooooooooooooo 

o o 00 

CO 

CQ 

CM' 

ft 

O 

© 

ft 

© 

ra 

50 

ra 

ra 

© 

d 

50 

50 

H 

© 

d 

d 

© 

50  50  50 

ft 

p 

•H 

> 

d 

d » d 

d 

d 

© 

p p p 

© 

ra 

© 

© 

© Ph 

50 

o 

ft  ft  ft 

50 

■d  © 

© 

P CiJ 

© 

CQ 

© © © 

© 

d 

d Ph 

Ph 

•H 

1 — 1 

Ph  Ph  Ph 

P 

p 

© © 

fd  o 

d fn 

^ , 

to  ft 

C5  Cl3  ci> 

d 

P 

d 

CO  CO 

d CO 

© © 

ft 

© d 

o 

o 

© 

© 

Ph  t>  Tl 

fd 

d 

© 

1 — 1 P 1 — 1 

•rH 

© 

Ph  fd  © 

CO  © H 

ci!  p d 

© 

© 

© CO 

© © © 

p 

fd 

Ph 

© d d 

d d 

ft  © 

P fd 

CO 

a 

•rH  *rH  •*H 

ft 

Ph 

O 

i>  03  O 

50  o © 

fd  50 

© d 

© H 

o o © 

•rH 

© 

CO 

P CO  P 

d p CO 

© © 

H © 

ft 

CO  © 

P tH  tH  tH 

Ph 

fd 

ft  ra  ra 

P CO 

ft  p ra 

d CO 

© 

■—  Ph 

d P 'H  'H 

O 

d •© 

ft*d 

0)  © P fd  © © 50 

ra  p ra 

50  d 

fd  fd  ft  fd  ft  fd  d 

© tH  tH  tH 

ra 

© 

d 

© d 

^ 41  a 2 

dad© 

d © © 

© © © 

d 

d w 

d d d H 

a HH  P P 

© 

p 

© 

Ph  © 

© © P -d 

© P d H 

?H  H H 

H Ph  © 

© 

© © 

© © © © 

© Ph  Ph  Ph 

ft 

CO 

CO 

EH  CO  ft  ft  ft  O ft  (-1  ft  CO 

OftClJCOCbCOCOCO^COCOCOft 

O <q  <q  <q 

to 


1 — 1 

o 

CO 

Ph 

d 

© 

© 

© 

ft 

o 

o 

d 

• 

ft 

ft 

PQ 

© 

© 

o 

• 

a 

© 

}> 

CO 

p 

d 

Ph 

•rH 

© 

o 

d 

© 

d 

o 

(> 

ra 

41 

o 

CO 

© 

© 

© 

PhP 

Ph 

o 

© 

ft 

05 

ft 

p 

© 

>» 

o 

o 

o 

Ph 

>> 

trf-* 

P 

a 

© 

CU 

cn. 

d 

I — H 

© 

1 — 1 

Ph 

Ph 

Ph 

© 

© 

c!5 

p 

p 

M 

d 

ft 

EH 

P 

ft 

•rH 

C±l 

Ph 

Ph 

CO 

Ph 

•rH 

ra 

Ph 

Ph 

d 

d 

ra 

Ph 

ra 

CO 

© 

Ph 

O 

d 

o 

Ph 

O 

ra 

P 

•rH 

© 

ra 

1 — 1 

O 

•H 

o 

d 

p 

p 

© 

ft 

© 

© 

Ph 

•H 

ra 

ra 

CO 

© 

© 

Ph 

d 

© 

60 

<y 

Ph 

Ph 

a 

CO 

o 

d 

o 

o 

d 

d 

rH 

d 

Ph 

© 

© 

© 

d 

•rH 

© 

d 

• 

d 

o 

o 

d 

C!3 

o 

• 

d 

© 

o 

Ph 

d 

to 

© 

Ph 

ft 

ft 

> 

•rH 

o 

o 

© 

•H 

l> 

Ph 

p 

•H 

© 

•rH 

© 

d 

44 

© 

Ph 

o 

•H 

H 

ra 

pi 

• 

P 

•rH 

p 

ft 

>s 

O 

P 

o 

© 

« 

© 

Ph 

d 

H 

•rH 

© 

© 

d 

o 

O 

Ph 

CO 

o 

ft 

cis 

Ph 

M 

ft 

Ph 

3 

to 

o 

o 


• o 

o o 
o 


o 

rcJ  t>aO  O 
05  05  fcS  r-l 


O rc^ 
O ^ 
• 05 

O -P 

. o si  -p* 
o 
S 
0 


O 

O O H 


C3 


o © 


S 

© o 
B o 


o 

o 

© 

p 

•H 


o 

o 

p 

5l 

© 

• B 

o • © 
o o o 
o 


o 

o 

a 

© 

© CO 

tlO 

© © 


o • 

o o 
o 
HI 

© p 
l>  P3 
© © 
u B 
ci>  © 
o 
o 

CiO  © 
© H 
o © 
•H  Sl 
© 

o o 


p 

si 

© • 

a o 
p o 

• ^ 

O © H 
Oft© 
© I> 
H p © 
© Sh 

!>  >>Ci! 
© © 

Sh  ^ H 
O ^ © 
W © 
o tH  ;© 
C(0M  o 
© ‘H 

o • a 

•H  H Jh 
H © 
O M O 


O 

o 

p 

§ 


o 
p 
© 
Sh 
o 

<1  © 


(0 

B 

© 

o 


^ 

Pi  Pi  Jh 
O 
P 
© 

Pi 
O 

rQ 
© 
iH 


o 

p 

© 

u 

o 

rQ 

© 


d 

•H 


ft  ft  ft 
© d d 


f>  © © © 
P H H H 
d © © © 

H P P >=H 


d 

o 

© 

H 

I — ( 

'H 

ft 

d 

© 

m 

•H 

Ph 

Ph 

© 


to 

• 

d 

• 

•rH 

• s 

© 

• 

O • 

o 

ft  • to 

o 

• rH 

g to 

d 

5~|  ^rH  tH 

© rH 

• --H  • • 

•H 

• • M © ^ 

»•  • 

• • 

Ph  m 

*1 — 1 ^ rl  1 — 1 

1 — 1 

• 

ft  © O P o 

P H • 

• • • 

rH  rH 

t>>rH  • r-H  rH 

1 — 1 

02 

© pLi  •rH  •>  M • • 

© • 1 — 1 ft 

rH  rH 

•k 

PM  ..  O M M 

• M 

•H 

S ftdO  -©HtlHMd 

p-i  M 41  d 

■H  © ;^ 

ft 

►O  o O rH  r-H 

M M 

I — 1 1 — f J-H 

o 'H 

o • © - »• 

d 

- d P © 50H  M 

© M « 

© 

© 

P 

P 

o 


o 

PI 


d o 41 
H ra  t»D  d 
d 05  © © 


o 

50 


•rH  ft 

H © 

O Pi  H © cd 
»-7)  EH  <3?  M O 


ra  o 
d 


H H 
H 


*>o  O 
d 50  50 
•H  © © 
H O O 

ftp  P 

o .d  cd 

»-a  O O 


M O 
50 
•«  © 
>s  O 
Pi  p 
© rd 

cij  o 


*p 

d d 
P o 


Pi 

© 


d 

‘(—I 
CO 

ft  Ph 


50  P © P 


ft  ft 


d p p f> 

p d ft  ra 

p © © 

SH  H d d 

© o d p © © 

g ft  ft  -5J  CO  t-D 


•«  p • 

d o d 

*rH  *rH 

50H  50 
H © H 
ft  ^ ft 


ft  - 
© 
O 
•H 
P 
P 

<q 


•5^  COOOlQyDO^C^^O-^tQ 
T;iH  C^OOOOHOO  OtOHtO 

s}^'0^^~ocooo  cT>a»oo 

fcQ  tQCQCQtOtOCO  tOCO'3t<'l< 


<3J 

OHcvJCOsJ<iO'OI>-COa»OH 

H H 


Hi>o>ao>^cocnO£>-ioco 
CO-^CDtOC©Cr»tOlOHOtOC7> 
OHHCVJLQCOJ>-OOi — li — I 
^^toipioio 


© 

© © © d 
o o o © 
•H  P "H  tH 
p P P H 
p p p d 

<*5  <i;  <-T^  M 


© 

p 

© 

50 

© 

Ph 

50 

50 

<1 


C\2 

I — I 


CQ'lHlOcOJ>-CDaHOHCvJtO'=^PDHcv3cO 

ftHHHHHHCv2Cv2CV3(X2(XICv2C<:)tOCO 


© 

m 

Ph 

© 

O 

o 


15 


I 


r- 


• ! ' ! ! : 1 1 ! I • I 1 T : : : I ■ ! ! I ' : I ' , 


i . 


• I 


I 


I‘ 


. ’ , t}' 

- » 


V • t 


I 


r 


(j  ' 


* .i 

I 

1 


I 


li 

'I 


I 

I 


I 


I 

■*|  i 

■;  \ 


TiiBLS  2 con't 

SlCi^l  PROPERTIES  OP  MjiTERIALS 


cd 

-p 


o 

o 


s:! 

<D 

o 

5h 

0) 

PM 


•P 

>9 

rQ 

© 

-p 

w 

•H 

O 


HlOtOOO  lolqCvJH  OOCvJtOLOcOOO  CO  Cv2COiOir)iO 

HOrMHO  CV20CVJH  00HHH(MI>- 

ooooo  OOOO  OOOOOO  OOOOOOO 


Ph 

o 

•H 

-p 

fH 

o 

w 

,a 

© 

a 

Jh 

© 

fM 


p> 


l0«0Ov0^0OOOO»^O^0OOO'^'^>^C\J(X2(M(M'^  lOO 
OHHcOHCMtOHOHCDiOCvJrH^OJtOOOLOiHLOcOtO  <oi> 

ooooooooooooooooooooooo  OO 


o 

o 


© ra 

O pj 
cd  I — 1 
'H  pi 
Ph  nzJ 
pi  o 
CO  S 


voJ>Hvom<MOcv30c^voooiocr>cocr>o-<i<o-^(Xioi>oo^o 


CVjO09Cv2'O09l>t0HLQrHcvjt009C0O-C\2C0C0HOCQlQcrit0 
HtOrH(X?HCOCOHE>  iOHWr-)COrHoaiOHC\JCv2HHcOH 


CM 

o 


w 

ra  ra 

© ps 

p! 

© pi 
d 'ti 
•H  O 

pq  S 


09HsiC(J»H'=^l009CD(M<j>HOtOLOOcj9LOO'^HOOotO 

C79(j9l>-0(J9'=lC'^I>lOCDCT>H-^(Mt~I>Oa>iOCr)(»tOCO';i<CO 


(MOtOCMcMHcMCOO'vt^CD'^COt.O'-'tOcMOCOCMcMtOCOrHcO 


d 

'=d^ 

O 


u 


01 

fcj 

•H 

O 

> 


tOOa»COCO«OtOCr>CDOCOiOOt0^^^^iOI>-QO(M^O(MO<^0  co<^^ 
tDOD(Mr-lcOI>'OOlOLO^a9aDOyD(M'=4<CDr>00(M(MHaOtO'^H  LO^OcTi 
COCOtOtftCOfcOCMCOCO’vHtOfcOlOCM^-^'^COtOCOCOtOtOCOtO^tOtOt^tO 


• +3 
rQ  <H 


rCJ  O 

t»o 


•H  Jh 
© © 
f§:  ft 


'^^OiOtDiOO^HHCJ^HOHOHcOLO^'^HOtrjOiQH'^'OlOC-u;) 


IOC»H<.0(T>COCO'^'^0 

OOCMHOOcaOO 

iHrHrMiHrMrHiHrMiH 


fcOs}<Hi-OHO£>LOO';ic 
OHCMCT><ji(X)OOHH 
r— 1 rH  iH  rH  r— 1 r— I rH 


(MOHCMCMLQCOtQlM 
iPrMOrM<r>i — lOOO 
1 — I rH  I — I I — I I — i I — 1 I — I I — I 


rM 
09  O 
rH 


O 

•H  !>9 

SH  P 
•H  T-l 
O (> 
© CO 

ft  u 
CO  c!j 


LOUDOcMtO'5d''^OlC5t-a30rHCO'=jC-^rHiOrH(I)<M^CMCOoOa9(J90>rH 

«JDI>(J9£>vOtOt--c£)iOJ>-'Ol>*^OOMDvOLQ£>£V^C-^I>-vOOrH^OO^O£> 


(MCMCM!M(M(M(M<MCM(M(M(M(M(M(M(M(M(M(M(McM(M(M(M(MCO(M(M(M(M 


rd  • 
^ O 
© 'S^ 
CO 


© 

m 

<q  <» 

OrH(MtO'vl<lO«X)I>-CDCr>OrH(MCO^LOt.OI>-COCr>OrHCMtO'^tOpHCM^  © 

rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHr-H(M(M(M(M<Mcv2cOtOLO  O 

O 


Abrogate 


7 

o 

‘.I 


/ 


1 


( 


t 


r 


k 


C . i 

: • I 


: ; ; I -7  O 


7 


ipwi  imfft 


m 


*f*  Iv'?- 


17 


The  physical  properties,  with  other  information  of  all 
the  sands  used  in  the  entire  series,  are  given  in  Table  2 page  ^5 
Explanation  of  this  table  is  made  on  page  47  . It  is  the  purport 
to  give  in  this  thesis  detailed  information  concerning  the  sands 
tabulated  in  Table  3 , page  27  • The  sieve  analyses  of  the 
above  mentioned  sands  are  also  given  in  Table  3 , page  ‘d7  • 

These  analyses  are  shown  by  means  of  curves,  pages  28  , 89  , and 

30  , The  ibrams-Harder  test  for  organic  impurities  was  made  on 
all  sands.  ^11  the  sands  passed  this  test  satisfactorily.  Below 
is  given  a brief  description  of  the  general  appearance  and  makeup 
of  the  sands  reported  in  full  herein: 

Sand  no.  £•-  This  was  the  standard  sand  specified 
by  the  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials  to  be  used 
in  comparative  tests  of  cement.  It  was  screened  by  the 
Ottawa  Silica  Company  to  pass  a Ho*  20  and  be  retained 
on  a Ho*  30  sieve.  The  grains  were  almost  spherical  in 
shape,  dull  white  in  color  and  nearly  transparent.  All 
grains  were  of  about  the  same  diameter.  The  principal 
element  was  pure  quartz* 

Sand  Ho*  1*~  This  sand  was  very  fine  containing 
approximately  34  per  cent  below  the  Ho.  100  sieve,  and 
15  per  cent  below  the  Ho.  800  sieve.  The  sand  was  light 
yellow  in  color,  and  contained  some  quartz,  mica,  and 
also  a trace  of  red  and  black  grains.  The  grains  were 
rather  uniform  in  size,  but  irregular  in  shape.  Ho  visible 
trace  of  loam  or  vegetable  matter  was  found.  The  material 


18 


as  used  had  been  screened  in  the  Structural  Materials  Re- 
search Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute,  from  Joliet  torpedo 
sand. 

Sand  Ro.  £•-  This  material  was  trap  screenings  and 
had  the  highest  specific  gravity  of  any  material  used. 

It  was  a rather  coarse  material,  with  the  8-4  size  pre- 
dominating. The  particles  were  flat,  irregular,  and 
long.  The  screenings  contained  over  10  per  cent  of 
material  below  the  Uo.  100  sieve.  The  color  was  dark  gray 
or  nearly  black,  iipparently  it  was  free  from  loam  or 
vegetable  matter. 

Sand  Ro.  3.-  This  sand  which  was  from  Algonquin, 
Illinois,  although  containing  some  coarse  material,  had 
a predominance  of  fine  material.  Approximately  46  per 
cent  by  weight  passed  the  Ho.  28  sieve.  In  general  ap- 
pearance the  sand  was  light  yellow  in  color.  The  coarser 
particles  consisted  of  some  calcareous,  and  some  basaltic 
grains.  It  is  probable  that  this  was  a bank  sand  as  in 
the  specific  gravity  determination  some  very  finely  divided 
particles  as  well  as  trash  were  present. 

Sand  Ho.  - This  was  a very  fine  sand,  all  passing 
a Ho.  28  sieve,  and  60  per  cent  passing  a Ho.  48  sieve.  It 
is  probable  that  this  was  a drift  or  lake  sand.  The  sand 

was  very  light  yellow  in  ^pearance,  containing  a predominance 
of  quartz  grains.  The  material  passing  the  Ho.  100  sieve 


6 


^ i': . 


r 


1 : ■ 


: . i.  V 


f 


).  - 4.0  C-'.;  . ■ .UO’. 


i-- 


j 


j 


C? , . vl" 


r 


b. 


■) 


*•> 


. 


> 


t 


l' 

i' 

,1 


ilMiP 


19 


was  black  in  color.  This  Ho.  100  material  was  very  friable, 
resembling  finely  divided  coal  particles.  The  particles 
in  general  were  round  in  shape.  Some  lumps  of  light  colored 
dirt  were  present. 

Sand  Ho.  This  sand,  limestone  screenings  from 

Milwaukee,  Wisconsin,  contained  a very  large  percentage  of 
dust.  Approximately  40  per  cent  passed  the  Ho.  48  sieve. 

The  larger  particles  were  irregular  in  shape,  elongated 
and  flat,  and  appeared  to  have  a crystalline  structure.  The 
general  color  was  dull  white,  the  larger  particles  being 
coated  with  the  dust. 

Sand  Ho.  _7. - This  material,  chats  from  Joplin,  Missouri, 
as  originally  received  contained  about  30  per  cent  coarser 
particles  than  the  Ho.  4 sieve.  In  order  to  use  the  material 
as  fine  aggregate,  the  particles  coarser  than  the  Ho.  4 
sieve  were  screened  out.  The  particles  had  sharp  edges, 
were  irregular  in  shape,  and  were  flat,  elongated  and  smooth. 
The  general  color  was  dark  gray  for  the  larger  particles,  and 
white  for  the  finer  particles.  The  aggregate  was  clean,  no 
visible  trash  or  silt  being  present.  The  specific  gravity 
of  the  chats  was  2.60,  lower  than  any  other  found  in  these 
tests  with  the  exception  of  that  for  Sand  Ho.  16.  It  is 
probable  that  this  material  consisted  of  tailings  from  lead 
or  zinc  smelters. 

Sand  HO.  _8. - Very  little  information  concerning  this 
sand,  which  was  labeled  banding  sand,  has  been  obtained.  It 


Id? 


A 


‘1 


\ 


I 


20 


was  pure  white  in  color.  All  of  the  sand  passed  the  No.  48 
sieve,  with  approximately  4E  per  cent  passing  the  No.  100 
sieve.  The  grains  were  spherical  in  shape,  and  had  the 
same  general  appearance  as  grains  of  Standard  Ottawa  Sand. 

It  is  probable  that  this  sand  came  from  Ottawa,  Illinois. 

No  absorption  could  be  obtained  for  this  sand  by  the  methods 
used.  In  fact,  if  such  is  possible,  a negative  absorption 
was  found.  This  might  be  due  to  the  cementing  action  water 
had  on  the  very  fine  particles  which  was  not  present  when 
the  sand  was  saturated  with  kerosene. 

Sand  No.  11. - This  was  a slag  with  approximately 
10  percent  coarser  than  the  No.  4 sieve.  From  the  No.  4 
sieve  the  gradation  was  almost  a strai^t  line  to  the  £ 
opening  as  shoim  by  the  curve  on  page  29  . The  slag  con- 
tained some  trash  and  dust,  making  the  determination  of 
absorption  difficult.  The  coarse  particles  were  porous  in 
texture,  irregular  in  shape,  and  in  general  were  flat.  The 
general  appearance  was  dusty  gray. 

Sand  No.  16. - This  material,  a granulated  slag,  had  a 
glassy  brown  color.  The  grains  were  more  or  less  rounding 
in  shape,  with  the  appearance  of  being  composed  of  fused 
substances.  The  coarser  particles  were  porous  in  texture. 

The  slag  contained  some  material  that  resembled  coal  clinker. 
The  absorption  and  specific  gravity  of  this  aggregate  was 

difficult  to  determine,  due  to  the  lightness  and  porosity 
of  the  particles.  This  material  had  the  lowest  specific 


» -J 


t 


. LK  ; C. 


I 


- 


c- 


-^nrrmBJkse^ 


V 


El 

gravity  of  any  of  the  fine  aggregates  used. 

Sand  No.  18. - This  was  a conglomerate  aggregate  from 
the  site  of  the  proposed  Barrett  Dam.  The  sand  contained 
some  pebbles  as  large  as  s/s  inch,  but  fine  material  pre- 
dominated. The  grains  were  shell-like  in  appearance,  ir- 
regular in  shape,  but  not  flat  or  elongated.  The  finer 
sizes  contained  an  assortment  of  red,  black,  and  green 
grains.  The  principal  constituents  appeared  to  be  quartz, 
basalt,  and  mica. 

Sand  No.  19.-  This  sand  contained  a small  percentage 
of  pebbles  larger  than  1/4  inch,  but  70  per  cent  passed  the 
No.  14  sieve.  The  pebbles  larger  than  the  No.  0 sieve  ap- 
peared in  general  to  be  of  basalt  origin,  black  and  very 
heavy.  The  coarser  particles  were  smooth,  irregular  in 
shape,  but  generally  were  not  flat.  The  finer  particles 
were  of  more  uniform  size  with  the  grains  more  nearly  spheri- 
cal. The  principal  constituents  appeared  to  be  quartz, 
basalt,  and  a trace  of  mica. 

Sand  No.  21.-  This  sand  which  was  from  Medicine  Hat, 
Canada,  was  very  clean,  being  free  from  dust,  silt,  or 
trash.  The  curve  showing  the  sieve  analysis  indicates  a 
predominance  of  fine  material.  The  larger  particles  were 
irregular  in  shape  and  rather  rough  on  the  surface.  The 
finer  grains  were  somewhat  angular.  Silica  appeared  to  be 
the  principal  element.  The  finer  material  contained  seme 
mica.  Black  pebbles  and  grains  were  noticeable.  The 


1 


. ve- 


il'jn 


•j .: 


2£ 

color  in  general  was  light  yellow. 

Sand  Ho.  25.-  This  was  a quartz  sand  from  Greenup, 
Illinois.  The  sand  contained  seme  trash  and  lumps  of  dirt. 
Practically  all  passed  the  Ho.  28  sieve,  with  approximately 
60  per  cent  between  the  Ho.  28  and  Ho.  48  sieves.  The 
grains  were  slightly  angular.  The  sand  was  light  yellow 
in  color. 

Sand  Ho.  24. ~ This  was  a bank  sand  from  Attica,  Indiana. 
The  grains  were  smooth  and  irregular  in  shape.  The  sand 
was  well  graded  with  about  4 per  cent  finer  than  the  Ho. 

100  sieve.  The  principal  elements  appeared  to  be  quartz, 
limestone,  and  pebbles  of  basaltic  origin.  The  sand  was 
comparatively  free  from  loam  or  vegetable  matter. 

coarse  Aggregate.-  The  coarse  aggregate  used  in  all  concrete 
specimens  was  bank  gravel  from  Indiana. 

Voids  in  the  coarse  aggregate  were  found  to  be  59.4  per  cent. 
The  gradation  of  the  coarse  aggregate  was  not  varied  in  any 
way.  The  grading  was  60  per  cent  of  material  between  s/s  and  s/4 
inch  screens,  and  40  per  cent  between  s/4  and  1 inch  screens.  The 
specific  gravity  was  2.71.  An  allowance  for  absorption  of  one  per 
cent  of  the  weight  of  the  coarse  aggregate  was  used  throughout 
the  tests.  The  methods  used  in  determining  the  specific  gravity 
and  absorption  are  described  on  page  34  , The  aggregate  was 

composed  principally  of  pebbles  of  a calcareous  origin,  and  in 
general  they  appeared  to  be  rather  soft.  The  pebbles  were  irregu- 
lar in  shape,  and  contained  a considerable  proportion  of  flat  or 


• /*  *l  ‘ 

J..  ..I 


l;  .. 


■•  -Xc  . 


; -.  3 


'x-j 


/ 


] 


elongated  pieces 


as 

Water.-  Water  for  all  tests  and  for  all  test  specimens  was 
taken  from  the  tap  in  the  laboratory.  The  measurement  of  the 
water  for  mortars  is  described  under  Technique  of  Mortar  Voids 
Tests . page  37  • Measurement  of  water  for  concretes  is  described 
in  the  thesis  of  R.  L.  Brown,  1921,  page  21. 

7.  Sieve  Analysis. - The  granulometric,  or  as  it  is  more 
commonly  called,  sieve  analysis,  has  been  an  important  considera- 
tion during  the  development  of  concrete.  Among  the  first  to  use 
the  sieve  analysis  as  an  index  to  the  concrete  making  qualities 
of  sand  was  M.  Feret.  Feret  devised  a unique  system  of  triangles 
to  represent  this  analysis  of  a sand.  In  his  work,  however,  he 
considered  only  three  sizes  of  particles,  Coarse-G,  Medium-M, 
and  Fine-F.  These  sizes  are  nearly  equivalent  to  sand  screened 
through  sieves  of  wire  cloth  as  follows: 

Coarse-G,  Passing  screen  with  5 meshes  per  linear  inch 

Retained  on  screen  with  15  meshes  per  linear  inch 

Medi\im-M,  Passing  screen  with  15  meshes  per  linear  inch 

Retained  on  screen  with  46  meshes  per  linear  inch 

Fine-F,  Passing  screen  with  46  meshes  per  linear  inch 

In  this  country  the  most  extensive  study  of  sieve  ana X^s  of  ^d 
was  made  by  lir.  William  B.  Fuller  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Sanford 

E.  Thompson.  From  the  results  of  these  tests  Er.  Fuller  proposed 
a method  of  designing  concretes  of  maximum  strength  from  a Study 


V ■ 


i Kl< 


- '( 


24 

of  the  mechanical  (sieve)  analysis  of  the  sand.  This  method 
is  fully  described  in  Taylor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  plain 
and  Reinforced”,  Third  Edition,  page  190. 

Recently  Professor  Abrams  of  the  Structural  Materials 
Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute,  proposed  the  use  of  the 
fineness  modulus  as  an  index  to  the  concrete  making  qualities 
of  an  aggregate.  The  fineness  modulus  of  a sand  is  a function 
of  its  sieve  analysis.  Professor  Abrams  has  used  the  Tyler 
Standard  Screen  Scale  Sieves  in  his  work.  These  sieves  are 
very  generally  used  in  laboratory  work. 

The  above  discussion  indicates  the  possible  importance  of  the 
analysis,  and  for  this  reason  it  was  felt  expedient  to  describe 
the  method  used  in  making  this  analysis.  So  far  as  it  is 
known  to  the  writer  no  standard  screen  scale,  or  method  of  mak- 
ing sieve  analysis  of  fine  aggregate  for  concrete  has  been 
adopted  by  any  of  the  American  Engineering  Societies. 

The  Tyler-Ro-Tap  Sieve  Shaker  shown  in  the  photograph, 
page  224,  was  used  throughout  the  tests.*  Prom  one  to  thirteen 
sieves  can  be  placed  in  the  shaker  at  one  time  depending  upon 
the  height  of  the  sieve  used.  The  shaker  is  operated  by  a 
l/s  h.p.  electric  motor.  The  sieves  are  given  a circular 
motion,  combined  with  vertical  tapping  by  means  of  an  arm 
actuated  by  a cam.  This  arm  can  be  seen  at  ^ in  the  photograph 
mentioned.  The  Ro-Tap  is  built  to  handle  8"  diameter  testing 
sieves.  It  is  also  operated  with  a Stop-Rite  Switch  which 
eliminates  error  in  timing. 

’•'Manufactured  by  W.  S.  Tyler  Company,  Cleveland,  Ohio 


rr>xsB 


25 


Realizing  that  the  length  of  time  the  sand  was  shaken  would 
have  an  important  bearing  on  the  results  obtained,  some  pre- 
liminary data  were  taken  to  find  the  effect  of  time.  For  most 
sands  it  was  found  that  shaking  longer  than  fifteen  minutes  had 
very  little  effect  upon  the  resulting  analysis.  This  length  cf 
time  of  sifting  will  in  general  insure  that  in  one  minute  of 
additional  shaking  not  more  than  one  per  cent  of  the  weight  of 
the  original  sample  will  pass  any  sieve.*  All  sands  reported  in 
this  thesis  were  agitated  in  the  Ro-Tap  for  fifteen  minutes. 

It  is  thought  that  except  for  extremely  fine  sands,  this  length 
of  time  may  be  expected  to  give  consistent  results. 

Tyler  Sieves  8”  in  diameter  were  used  in  the  Ro-Tap  machine. 
These  testing  sieves  are  described  by  the  manufacturers  as  con- 
forming to  the  Tyler  standard  Screen  Scale.  This  scale  has  a 
starting  point  or  base  at  the  200  mesh  sieve  having  .0029  inch 
square  openings.  Each  successive  opening  is  exactly  1.414  or 
fZ  times  the  opening  in  the  previous  sieve.  In  these  tests 
the  following  sieve  sizes  were  used,  which  are  in  general  two 
sizes  larger  than  the  previous  sieve. 


Sieve 

200 

150 

100 

48 

28 

' ' " 

Size  of  opening 
in  inches 

.0029 

.0041 

.0058 

.0116 

.0232 

Sieve 

£ 

4 

5/8 

Size  of  opening 

.046 

.093 

.185 

.371 

in  inches 


* See  Appendix  1,  Report  of  Committee  C-9,  Proceedings 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  1920,  Vol.  20,  Part  I, 
page  296  for  method  used  by  the  committee. 


TYPICiL  MTA  SHEET 


E6 


SIEVE  AIULYSIS 


3-AUB  m.  2 LOT  1^0.  3472 


Weight  Over  Computed  Bata 


Sieve  1st 
Ho.  Run 

2nd 

Run 

Av. 

Wt. 

Over 

Correc 

Wt. 

Over 

t Per 
Cent 
Over 

Per 

Cent 

Pass- 

ing 

Per  F.M.  S.M. 

Cent  Remarks 

Biff. 

4 

45.1 

46.1 

45.6 

45.7 

9.1 

90.9 

time 

9.1  .546  .142  lo^min. 

8 

240.9 

236.0 

238.5 

238.9 

47.8 

52.2 

38.71.935  L200operator 

14 

imb  • 1 

332.9 

334.0 

334.5 

66.9 

33.1 

19 . 1 . 7 64 1. 184  Braman 

28 

387.4 

385.5 

386.5 

387.1 

77.5 

22.5 

10.6  .3181.325 

48 

419.6 

417.6 

418.6 

419.3 

83.9 

16.1 

6.4  .1281.600 

100 

443.9 

442.5 

443.2 

443.9 

88.8 

11.2 

4.9  .049  2.450 

Pan 

499.8 

498.6 

499.2 

500.0 

100.0 

0 

11.2  0 11.200 

Totals 

100.0  3.740  19.131 

Bate 

and  time  placed  in 

oven 

March 

16,  1921  - 5 p.m. 

Bate 

and  time  gas 

cut  off 

March 

17,  1921  - 6 p.m. 

Bate 

and  time  sieve  analysis 

March 

19,  1921  -10  a.m. 

Het 

Wt.  before  drying 

1093. 

1 grams 

Set  1 

Wt.  time  S.A* 

1091. 

7 grams 

Percentage 

by  Wt. 

contained  moi 

sture 

0.13 

SIEVE  ANALYSES  OE  SAUDS 


o 

o 

<D 

•H 

to 

tlD 

rt 

•H 

ra 

CQ 

fld 

PM 

•p 

tI 

(D 


>» 

-O 

-P 

CJ 

® 

o 

® 


Pi 

o 

•H 

p 


o 

3 

p 

o 

1-^ 


o 

3 

ftl 

Pi 

® 

CO 


rH  t~ 

• • 

oooooooooooct>oooo 

OOOOOOOOOOOCTkO^OO 
I — IrHrHrHrHr— IrHrHrHrHrH  rH  i — I 


o> 


0>  rH  rH  lO 


CM 


OOOOOC^OOCOO'M^OrHOC^ 

oo<T»ooa>ooooa»a»aoo>oo> 

rH  rH  rH  H H rH  rH 

CM'^  tOlO  vOiO-M<C>tO  O 

• • ••  •••••  • 

oocMx^oto<oO'M<!>-ioHa»Oao 

OOiOODOOOiOO-^CJ^OOOt-Ot- 
rH  rH  rH  rH  i — I 


rH  O C>  I>-  LO 

« • • • 


■«4<  O C>  CM  0>  to 

• •••••• 


OOtOt-O'tOrHOUJuSC-tOrHorH 
OOtrt^C7»^tOOCMt>'M<l>‘'^Cr>lO 
iH  rH  rH 


U5  !>•  O e-  rH  to 


O lO  lO  00  CJ>  00 
• •••••• 

HO>CMir30^rHO>OlO^'^^CMOOlO 

cr>CM'=^<a>iOrHOHt<)CMiOtQo^CM 

rH 

OlOrHU30CM'ii‘tOCMI>-rHtO'=d<<Os^ 

• ••••••••••••• 

£>  I — I I — I t-O  Oi  rH  rH 


O^CMOOI>-OOCMlOsHOCMst<  C0CM«;}< 

• ••••••••••  ••• 

>M<rH'M<OCMlOCMiOl>*rHrH 
to  rH  CM  ^ 


O CM 
lO 


I — I 

o 


lO 

rH 


& 

® 


xa 

tio 


t»u 

•rH 

Pi 

® 

® 

u 


w 

® 

rH 


® 


ft 

P 

•a 

o 

'd 

CO 

»d 

p 

•H 

P 

Pi 

CO 

Pi 

d 

p 

Pi 

O 

® 

*d 

® 

p 

O 

® 

Pi 

® 

CO 

® 

CO 

<*5 

03 

Pi 

Pi 

® 

PI 

P 

® 

Pi 

as 

O 

CO 

o 

t)0 

® 

ftrH 

A 

® 

CO 

CO 

p 

Pi 

rH 

d 

as 

p 

03 

03 

•rH 

d 

d 

Pi 

Pi 

2 

ft 

nH 

•H 

® 

P 

nd 

bO 

Pi 

ni 

»d 

fd 

® 

d 

CSS 

Pi 

® 

Pi 

•rH 

S 

® 

ri 

® 

® 

S4 

d 

pi 

® 

p 

p 

•H 

Pi 

ro 

Pi 

•rH 

w 

rH 

Pi 

® 

® 

® 

Pi 

® 

CO 

ft 

EH 

CO 

p 

O 

PP 

CO 

C!J 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o 

d5 

■»d«CMOOMDa>CO<i<tO^CJ»OlO 

OC*»rH00OlOlQuDU5tO 

tOOQOOOo^Ot®J>Of-* 

tOCOtOtOtOtOtO-M<'^';i<iOlO 


<x|  HOCOOrHtOsi* 
OrHCMWiOUJtXDrHi-HrHrHCMCMCM 


1 

1 

i 

E 

y 

s 

IE 

E 

9 

G 

s 

s 

ISSS' 

ISS*' 

iii 

|E 

ili 

1 

m 

m 

m 

m 

m 

^1 

s 

|b 

H 

H 

M 

M 

1 

1 

H 

n 

M 

1 

1 

n 

s 

S 

s 

9 

9 

B 

D 

Mw 

I 

1 

B 

9 

B 

s 

9 

M 

M 

imVii 

Bm 

B 

H 

Hi 

H 

i r a^L  J^M~M  M 

HI 

iG 

Si 

bB 

Hg 

HIM 

^9 

^Ei 

pS 

8s 

iPP 

TO 

m 

H 

M 

HU 

M 

■ 

HI 

iH 

M 

m 

iH 

B| 

B 

mxiuBi 

iVSKill 


»-  ,0 


'XVf  tl 


ilHilKiD 

HB 

iisiSI 

gya 

isessnsHci 


I3K3SXI 


issfisssai 


IKCSSKl 


Si 

ni 

RSi 

Si 

IBs!! 

■ii 

vsm 

•<5V^ 


A 


31 


Samples  were  taken  by  means  of  a sample  splitter.  The 
operation  of  the  sample  splitter  divides  the  sample  into  halves, 
and  by  repeating  the  operation  the  sample  can  be  split  into 
quarters,  eighths,  sixteenths,  etc.  The  sample  splitter  used 
was  furnished  by  W.  S.  Tyler  Company,  and  is  shown  in  the  photo- 
graph on  page  224  • The  material  to  be  sampled  was  poured  into 
a large  pan,  and  thoroughly  mixed  by  turning  with  shovels. 

After  mixing,  samples  were  taken  from  various  positions  in  the 
pan.  The  sample  was  cut  down  until  about  1050  grams  were  ob- 
tained. After  weighing,  the  sample  was  spread  out  in  a thin 
layer  in  a flat  pan,  and  placed  in  the  large  oven  in  the  labora- 
tory. The  material  was  heated  at  approximately  200-220°  F.  for 
a period  of  about  10  hours.  The  material  was  then  allowed  to 
cool  in  the  oven  before  the  analysis  was  taken.  The  percentage 
by  weight  of  contained  moisture  is  shown  in  Table  2 , page  16* 

After  cooling,  the  sample  was  weighed  and  the  time  of  the 
analysis  recorded.  The  sample  was  then  cut  into  two  parts.  Five 
hundred  grams  were  weighed  out  and  put  on  the  coarsest  of  the 
nest  of  sieves.  The  nest  of  sieves  was  then  placed  in  the  Ro-'Tap 
and  shaken  for  fifteen  minutes.  Weights  coarser  than  a given 
sieve  were  recorded  in  the  original  data. 

Two  set  of  analyses  of  each  sand  were  made.  The  values 
given  in  Table  3 , page  27  are  the  mean  of  the  results  obtained. 

A typical  data  sheet  for  recording  the  data  of  the  sieve 
analysis  is  shown  on  page  26  . 


3 i/  sJQ'^Ci  .-  f - 


'3.: 


r*  ♦ 


1-^ 


!i 


Hi 


¥ 


32 


8,  Specif io  Qravity  and  Absorption. - 

Fine  Aggregate.-  Specific  gravity  and  absorption  of  the 
fine  aggregate  were  obtained  by  a modification  of  the  method 
described  in  Appendix  I,  Report  of  Committee  C-9,  Proceedings 
American  Society  for  Testing  Materials,  1920,  Vol*  20,  Part  1, 
page  301.  The  apparatus  used  is  shown  in  the  photograph 
page  SE5  • The  fine  aggregate  was  tested  in  the  condition  it 
was  to  be  used  in  the  concrete.  Duplicate  260  gram  saniples  A 
and  B were  obtained  by  means  of  a sample  splitter.  Sample  A 
was  placed  in  a 500  cc.  volumetric  flask.  The  sample  was 
thoroughly  mixed  with  about  20  cc.  of  kerosene  by  shaking  the 
flask.  The  volume  of  a normal  salt  solution  (58  g.  RaCl  per 
liter  of  water)  necessary  to  fill  the  flask  to  the  500  cc.  mark 
was  determined.  The  surplus  kerosene  floated  on  top  of  the 
salt  solution  and  the  line  of  separation  could  be  read.  If 
necessary  a few  drops  of  ether  were  added  to  disperse  the  kero- 
sene globules.  This  determination  gives  the  absolute  volume  of 
250  g.  of  the  sand  plus  the  volume  of  the  kerosene  absorbed  by 
this  amount  of  sand. 

A measured  quantity  of  water  sufficient  to  cover  the  aggre- 
gate when  introduced  was  placed  in  the  flask  B.  The  fine  aggre- 
gate was  poured  in  slowly  in  order  to  avoid  entrapping  the  air. 
The  flask  was  then  filled  approximately  up  to  the  600  cc.  mark. 
The  flask  was  shaken  and  rolled  in  the  palm  of  the  hand  at 
intervals  in  order  to  dispel  air  bubbles.  At  the  expiration  of 
fifteen  minutes  sufficient  water  was  added  to  bring  the  meniscus 


I 


33 


exactly  to  the  500  co*  mark.  Knowing  the  weight  of  the  aggregate 
the  volume  of  the  flask,  and  the  total  volume  of  water  introduced, 
the  specific  gravity  was  easily  calculated. 

The  volume  of  kerosene  absorbed  by  £50  grams  of  the  sand  is 
equal  to  the  difference  of  the  water  introduced  in  B and  the  UaCl 
introduced  in  i. 

The  KaCl  solution  and  water  added  to  A and  B respectively 
were  measured  by  means  of  a 100  cc.  burette  reading  to  0.1  cc. 

This  burette  was  found  to  be  somewhat  in  error  in  its  graduation. 
All  measurements  made  with  the  burette  were  multiplied  by  the 
factor  1.004S. 

Specific  Gravity  = ^50  

500  - Introduced  Water  B 

Percentage  Absorption^  introduced  Water  B-Introduced  BaCl  A 

by  weight  x 100% 

This  assumes  that  the  sand  will  absorb  water  in  the  same 

proportion  as  it  absorbs  kerosene,  and  that  one  cubic  centimeter 

of  water  weighs  exactly  one  gram  at  the  temperature  during  the 

test. 

The  specific  gravity  v/as  also  determined  by  means  of  Le 
Chatelier  flaskt  Water  was  placed  in  the  flask  until  a reading 
of  the  meniscus  could  be  taken.  Fifty-four  grams  of  tne  fine 
aggregate  were  then  poured  into  the  flask,  care  being  taken  not  to 
entrap  air.  The  aggregate  was  agitated  by  shaking  the  flask  at 


* "Standard  Specifications  and  Tests  for  Portland  Cement", 
adopted  Jan.  1,  1917,  A.  S.  T.  M.  Standards,  1918,  page  503. 


iv  lyt-i-  ©f'w  6ita 


■ . 0.  ) tIj  J*X0 


■.tfjTcv  6. 


3 i-.V.  ' J'  1 T . 3 J.  8 


. O/-  h .2 


^ O 1^  '.  * *j’  %• . 


..  5r  : '. 


X i ‘i:^ 

• 

I-ilCoo.:  0ao--.'"''  '•■•;■  lo 

C'.ri;I-.Y  o.-'^ 

K •' 

fl  ni  c or 

‘ j 1 

i -Z  5fv  t'.  V?  e 1 ' D 3u^;  ‘ 'A«  1 

’iiL  e"..  0:3  lasj-.-o 

^■r-  (_  0af. 

' J- 

.‘■■c  f . •xoXj.-  unl^sil 

. * rri  X^-ouXctir..'  ;1 
f.  _ XC  = ' Oi\T 

rs- 

t -X 

Svj 

t:d  . . •jt;X..',  lu  ani-.a.'- 

:rf  t/t'‘ii:exrs  o'rov 

. nX  t(  'i 

r C 1 :X 

n£*r  e^jaiucf  eiXT 

t>i »;  r-'xjrf  odJ"  oL*  .1 

£ * ff«Ol  9 ’£1/  3 Cti  1 1 i- 

__  _ ^ « 05.?-—  oil+oe^T? 

‘ ~ ’-t;  .''  T-  i ' ?'c"t> cfoc'i a (-T"  “ "*T> ' . u 

.1  t‘,:  ‘c7v:  .-- : ii 3 •m.' CT 

s 

0“i?3  ■ li:  a:  (f';cco=:  IJi.'v;  ba’sn.  o:!l  tfxU  3o;.\j33ni  cx;i!C 

J--  Jj'/.o;?  ol">  -ra  , 0.  \'C‘C'ia:i  .acf-oeo.  -1  ao  n.:  Ij  fCoo^'T 

0a  ‘ 3.:;--:7.b  3' : - tJ-  ^Xjoaxe  'rcXfxw.^o  • 

. , ■ t<b  .vraea  ^ 

-V  ^ ■ 

r 

el  X 2i:  vy  \’’  -V.  -’  'iv-v-  cr.*^  d 30ft'  oixXoeCTQ 

X0O.4X-!  Gar  'xoJv:  !;w.:  lx  i3.^l9Xa;iO 

-_■-  , 9J  Mx-f,  0 Oil'j'  *0 

Oli  .C’..  ••  GcXX  - j Ifcl  C- ■ -•■  r ' XX’i  iy-.X-l'CG  .'0.,J  0'iO*^  3 rsp.O'l 

j :{ft:!i;  Off?  : : bcJ-.-Jisn 


« ^ A v> 


- r-j  • 


-.^  A 


*^'1  r. 'se4?  bt 


j ■*■  I 


2^0 ; Tb 0.1 1 iO»q£  X*taii>J':rw  S’’  * 

.7  . . ^ . leX  , ■■  . .'.  i39oq<^£B 


- ■<*  . 


34 

frequent  intervals.  At  the  expiration  of  fifteen  minutes  from 
the  time  the  aggregate  was  placed  in  the  flask,  a reading  of  the 
meniscus  was  taken# 

54 

spec  if  io  sravity  "volume  of  mUv  Displaced^ 

The  two  methods  of  determining  ^ecific  gravity  gave  almost 
identical  results# 

Coarse  Aggregate # - A different  method  was  necessary  for  the 
determination  of  the  specific  gravity  and  the  absorption  of  the 
coarse  aggregate.  The  volume  occupied  by  a given  weight  of 
gravel  was  found  by  determining  its  loss  in  weight  when  immersed 
in  water#  A wire  basket  was  suspended  in  a pail  of  water  from 
one  of  the  arms  of  the  balance  (weighing  to  the  nearest  gram). 

The  weight  of  the  basket  suspended  in  the  water  was  recorded. 

About  1000  grams  of  dry  gravel  were  weighed  out  on  the  balances# 
This  was  then  placed  in  the  basket  and  allowed  to  remain  immersed 
in  the  water  for  fifteen  minutes#  The  v;e  ight  of  the  gravel  and 
basket  suspended  in  the  water  was  recorded.  Knowing  the  weight 
of  the  basket  and  of  the  basket  and  gravel  when  suspended  in  water, 
the  weight  of  the  gravel  was  computed.  The  specific  gravity  of 
the  coarse  aggregate  (using  all  weights  in  grams)  was  calculated 
from  the  equation 

Specific  Gravity  = wt.  of  dry  gravel  

wt.of  dry  gravel-wt.of  gravel  suspended  in  water*" 

After  the  aggregate  had  been  immersed  in  water  for  fifteen 
niinutes,  it  was  surface  dried  and  weighed  again.  The  increase 
in  weight  gave  sufficient  data  from  which  to  calculate  the 
absorption# 


f 


Ite’i- 


35 


Percentage  Absorption  by  wt 

The  naterial  was  surface  dried  by  rolling  in  a burlap  sack. 
The  surfaces  were  moist  and  damp,  but  no  free  water  was  noticed. 

9.  Weight  of  Aggregate  per  Cubic  Poot.-  A oylindilcaLmetal 
measure  approximately  8 3/I6  by  6 5/b  in.  and 

having  a volume  of  .208  cu.  ft.  was  used  in  these  determinations. 
The  material  was  placed  in  the  mold  in  about  2 inch  layers.  Each 
layer  was  tamped  firmly  with  the  tamper  shown  in  the  sketch  , 
page  40  . Usually  this  required  20  - 30  tamps.  The  last  layer 

was  filled  to  overflowing.  Finally  the  material  was  struck  off 
with  a 1/4  inch  round  steel  rod.  The  mold  was  neither  rapped  nor 
jarred  during  the  operation.  The  per  cent  voids  in  the  aggregate 
was  calculated  from  these  data  and  the  specific  gravity  of  the 
material. 

10.  Technique  of  Mortar  Voids  Tests.-  The  accurate  de- 
termination o£  the  voids  at  any  water  content  of  a mortar  is 
important.  Upon  the  results  are  based  the  computations  for  propor- 
tioning the  materials  of  a concrete,  and  also  the  predetermined 
strength  of  any  concrete  is  dependent  upon  this  test  (following 
the  analysis  used  in  this  thesis).  Great  care  should  be  taken  to 
obtain  representative  samples  of  the  sand.  A saiqple  splitter 

is  convenient  for  this  purpose.  Comparative  tests  have  indicated 
that  the  use  of  a 2 x 4 inch  mold  gives  results  as  accurate  as  the 
use  of  a 3 X 6 inch  mold.  The  metric  system  is^  very  useful  in 

these  tests,  and  the  following  discussion  refers  in  the  main  to 
its  use.  The  English  system  may  be  used  but  it  would  necessitate 

the  use  of  the  factor  62.4. 


t 


O ' . . V ' • # ^ 

' t 


.J 


it 


— . { 


I 


36 


Prom  a study  of  the  tests  reported  herein,  it  appeared  that 
it  was  desirable  to  make  these  determinations  (mortar  YOids)  at 
varying  richness  of  mix  and  with  different  water  contents.  In 
general  the  useful  range  of  sand  can  be  covered  by  using  a ratio 
of  absolute  volume  of  sand  to  absolute  volume  of  cement  of  0,  1,  E, 
3 i/e,  and  6.  In  order  to  determine  the  effect  of  water  content 
upon  the  voids  of  each  of  these  mixes,  successive  additions  of 
water  were  made  to  each  batch. 

It  is  convenient  to  use  a constant  value  of  a + c equal  to 
some  even  number.  Por  the  calculations  of  these  tests  a+c  » EOO 
was  found  to  be  convenient.  The  absolute  volume  of  a and  c re- 
quired can  then  be  determined  for  each  value  of  — . The  weight 

c 

of  any  sand  to  be  used  at  any  desired  mix  is  then  the  specific 
gravity  of  that  sand  multiplied  by  the  desired  absolute  volume. 

It  has  also  been  found  desirable  to  grind  the  mold  down  to 
some  even  weight,  in  the  majority  of  these  tests  the  mold  used 
weighed  300  grams. 

The  apparatus  used  in  making  the  mortar  voids  determinations 
is  shown  in  the  photograph,  page  2S6  . This  apparatus  consisted 
of  a balance  (weighing  to  the  nearest  gram),  a burette  graduated 
in  cubic  centimeters  (reading  to  the  nearest  cc.),  a E x 4 inch 
mold  open  only  at  one  end,  a small  wooden  tamp  about  3/4  inches 
square,  a small  trowel,  and  a pan  about  IE  x 12  x 2 i/e  inches. 

The  operation  , recording,  and  plotting  as  ddscribed  below  was 
the  method  used  for  the  majority  of  the  mortar  voids  determina- 
tions. 

Predetermined  amounts  of  cement  and  sand  were  weighed  out. 
These  amounts  were  fixed  by  the  two  following  considerations: 


37 


g 

(1)  — chosen  as  desired. 

(£)  a + c =»  200  cc.  This  gave  a slight  excess  of  mortar 
and  simplified  the  calculations. 

After  thoroughly  mixing  the  sand  and  cement  dry,  a small 
amount  of  water  was  added.  The  water  was  measured  by  means 
of  the  graduated  burette  reading  in  cubic  centimeters,  but 
which  for  measurable  accuracy  were  considered  as  gram  v/eights. 

The  initial  water  added  was  not  sufficient  to  cause  a tendency 
for  the  mortar  to  ball  up.  It  is  desirable  that  the  first  few 
increments  of  water  be  less  than  basic  water  content,  in  general 
water  equal  to  about  Vperosnb by  weight  of  cement  and  sand  may  be  put 
in  at  the  beginning.  After  thoroughly  mixing,  the  mold  was  filled 
with  the  mortar.  The  mortar  was  placed  in  the  mold  in  layers  of 
about  one  or  two  inches.  Each  layer  was  tamped  firmly  but  not 
excessively,  with  the  wooden  tamp,  in  general  this  required 
16-26  blows.  The  operator  soon  became  able  to  obtain  about  the 
same  conpactness  of  the  mortar  when  the  mold  was  refilled.  The 
mold  was  filled  at  least  twice  at  each  water  content.  The  results 
in  general  did  not  vary  more  than  about  four  grams  near  the  point 
of  minimum  volume.  Water  was  added  in  increments  of  about  10  cc. 
until  near  tloe  point  of  minimum  volume  when  about  6 cc.  was  added 
at  one  time.  Water  was  added  until  the  mix  became  rather  sloppy 
and  could  be  poured  into  the  mold. 

A typical  data  sheet  for  taking  the  original  data  is  shown 
on  page  38  . 

The  following  equations  were  used: 


1 


. '■  . J'.  .•:  '■■.'  - ('ty 

.?  ovi  ‘-  r'l.'i^*  . ' . a.  b f- 

. •••..  .(.,.»0  V '.t  iioi^ 

; ■ ''  aC‘.  jr?i --irfl  \ ■ 

■...  ii-*  ' III  o.r><Ktr:-’  ■ of^ 


.bo.'ilu  - -:  ;^Jvy  J-Oi/cr. ' 
\ ^ 

t; 


PI  Qr- ;:  Lt.  ' - - ' y.'T 


•'. '/T  >..  ’i  • 'j  :<  .'.'  *£w  ^ 

r-  'pv.-  irf i/ii' 


1 3“:;  C’i' 

!f:j .::  I 


u i j 

X-Xiii  - r-'-trcn  a 

J TO'* 

'.;  &coX 

ZQ%V'-1 

'y;o' t ;-  v7 

% 

t 7'  w£'  OJ  X .“.7  ■ » 

ii&  'rf»v> 

. ..!;v‘v  7 0rf  or'-' 

4»  p.'  '• 

j o 


,,  " : , ' *'?r: ‘-C /iJ* 

’jit  .'i:  j r:I  n ' *x  .••  a '.  p .“T'  ,*io':.  or!vf-  iIjJt' 

Cttr  ; 10':;5-  / . . ^nca  cv.t  -^m:o 

i . .;.  d-  , ..."i  • loSCTXL 


orf^  J-nod’iD  Jo  t.  •.  Cjc  t:--  • _••:.!  G-r:ic«>iii 


OP" 


. ^ r-  . ' r' 

U J ,!•*.*  ..  - « 


u j i ^ 


. t‘v 


:c£lll:  pr\.  JoL;.::: 

ir=^ 


.0.  V.1 


£ 0-  .'  n 


■;  J iiOj;i-!f  'rrj'io.^  1-  . 2a  ju- OSSe 

'•.'■>  * *'*  '.iO  j ' ' C**3.  '*■<  ••  •3  j-  •<  ■<■ 

'i'-.  ',.  ..•'  'J  OtCiJ  7 ■■^.. 

, 7 * . V '■  ■ -I  fli  .-voBk-  6 7 - - 

J.  '.,  VI  or  -.  •'  7.,;-  J '-.  • 7 ' ..■"’.i  '' 


0 . 


.*>7f  03  C— 

¥ 

;7,-i«ir£ir.  V- 

..  .-•.I 


xii  : -S  '; 


..  .».,  t- 


• .;  Tv  .--V,  . • . ■ 0f.;(5  r 

jJCLi  tiv7  77  . *i  .*v.i.': 


• ,'n  . '.  'I 


r rt/k  ■ 


7 oi:o<r  asrol-^i  -‘.Ti’-cXio  ?: 

,:iT ;. 

. ^■*v 


-vsi' 


— r-r-Miiili 


TYPICAL  DiiTi  SHSET 

mopt;\r  voids  tests 


38 


o 

EH 


O'j^ojudho  HLoa> 
OOHHCMCVI  tOtOtQ 


-HrH  r— trHrHiHrHrHrH 
H(— I rHHt-HiHr— IHH 


<-0 

o 

CO 

• 

• 

CO 

o 

>H 

o 

M 

£H 

EH 

M 

!> 

a 

o 

CO 

« 

ft 

ci) 

o 

EH 

1— 1 

ft 

ft 

ft 

M 

O 

o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

CO 

ft 

0> 

CQ  i 

nd  Jh  -P  P 
•H  d)  »H  rH 

O ft  O 

> !=)  >. 


voOlq^O^O'^CVI 
LQ  CVJOOl — — I 
tOtOtOtOtQtOCQst^ 


o 

CVJ 

CO 

o 

o 

03 

• 

• 

. • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

nO 

• 

o 

o- 

00 

CO 

cO 

o 

1 — 1 

•H 

O 

1 — I 

cr^ 

00 

CO 

o 

iH 

o 

O 

o 

o 

1 — 1 

rH 

rH 

rH 

> 

t=> 

•d 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

# 

• 

t>Q 

• 

o 

£> 

00 

CO 

CO 

a> 

o 

H «H 

•fH 

H 

o 

1 — 1 

Gi 

00 

00 

a> 

o 

H 

o o 

5h 

•H 

o 

CO 

CVJ 

C\2 

CVJ 

CvJ 

CO 

CO 

CO 

O 

?H 

o 

O 

O 

o 

lO 

o 

o 

o 

(0 

03 

+3  P 
• TO 
H->  O ?H 


C\J  CV2L000t000Cv2O 
H LQ  lO  LQ  'vi^  CO 


5h 

CO  ra 
fd  -P  E 
• H j::}  cC 
p o CO  o ^ 


OOOOiOOOO 

• ••••••• 

OJ  CVILOCOtOGOCVIO 
H ■=4<LOiOiCi's{^sJ<CO 


w 

H 

. «H  CO 

H o -P 
CO  ?H 
+3  • (D 

O -p  -P 
EH  & P 


C>  JS(XII>-£>(M(Mjv- 
CVJ  CO^s;HcQJ>-a^H 
to  to  to  to 


to 


cr> 

H 

00 

CO 


o 


<0 

CO 


o 

EH 

O 

i-q 


Jh  cq 

0)  a 

• 

-p  ca 

OO  lOOOtOioo 

-p 

d ^ 

c02>-  l>-C3o>Ocv2lO 

^ ^ M 

rH  rH  I— 1 

m 

- o 

CO 

o o 

• 

+3 

(D 

rH 

s 

CO 

O 

C3 

CVJ 

(D 

• a 

• • 

a 

• 

o> 

o 

P CO 

00  si 

CO 

o 

1 — I 

rS  fH 

CO  -H 

Sh 

o 

CUD 

rH 

£»D 

o 

's}^ 

O 

• 

CVJ 

ft  M 

• 

• 

« 

o 

o 

ft 

- CJ 

ft  CVj 

o 

CVj 

o 

CO  O 

ft  o 

CO 

u 

rH  O nG 

«d 

CO 

CVJ  H rH 

fd 

rH 

O 

iH 

O 

fd 

II  II  m 

O 

O 

Co 

(Q 

• - «H 

tp 

CO 

• a 

O 

P CO 

CVJ  . rH 

o 

&:  U 

+ OO  O 

• 

0 

tUD 

•H  N 

• 

1 — ! 

p 

- ?H  *H 

p 

O 

CO 

CO  EH  CO 

> 

p 

ft 

caj 

O 

• 

CO 

inSSKK 

ipHBp^y.5^ 

iSSii 

iiaiil 

lo  y<f^j 

r V 

^*1 

:j 


if 


!4<oac/er7  To/77/:fe/t^  for  Corcrefe 


■i 


41 


Volume  of  Original  Ivlix  =*  q*  «.  .9.\f  x vol.of  mold 

m vrt,  mortar  in  mold 

Volume  of  Voids  «*  v*qj  = (a*  + c*) 

V * 

Voids  per  unit  volume  s Vjj^  = 

<l^m 

The  time  of  weighing  the  filled  mold  is  recorded  in  the  last 
column  of  the  table* 

It  is  convenient  to  plot  the  data  on  a curve  as  shown  on 

page  39  while  the  test  is  in  progress.  This  can  be  rapidly- 

done,  and  gives  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Voids  Curve  at  basic 

water  content  immediately.  The  Total  Water-Voids  Curves  are 

plotted  for  each  — used.  The  point  "A”  is  the  point  of  minimum 

volume  for  ■§“  of  3.6.  On  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Voids  Curve 

at  basic  water  content  the  voids  per  unit  volume  of  freshly 

placed  mortar  at  £ = 3.5  are  plotted  (point  "B")*  From  the 

0 

curve  this  is  seen  to  be  .303*  The  voids  at  ^ = 0 are  deter- 
mined -by  a test  on  neat  cement  mortar.  The  voids  at  other 

values  of  — are  determined  in  a similar  manner*  Usually  from 
c 

the  shape  of  these  curves,  any  error  becomes  apparent  at  once* 

The  dotted  curve  at  the  bottom  of  ge  39  is  the  theoretical 
Total  Water-Voids  Curve  if  all  the  voids  are  filled  with  water. 

This  curve  is  plotted  from  the e qua t ion 

- Total  volume  of  water  (cc) 
m”  Total  volume  of  water  (cc)  + 200 

The  total  volume  of  water  plotted  as  abscissa  should  be 
corrected  for  absorption. 

11.  Compression  Test  Specimens* - 

Concrete  Specimens* - ^11  concrete  test  specimens  were  made  in 


42 


the  Laboratory  of  Applied  Mechanics  under  the  supervision  of 
Mr*  P.  B.  Richart,  Associate,  Engineering  Experiment  Station, 

The  work  was  done  by  men  who  had  worked  with  concrete  in  the 
field,  but  who  were  not  accustomed  to  laboratory  methods.  The 
actual  making  of  the  test  specimens  was  done  by  only  two  operators 
These  two  men  were  given  some  preliminary  practice  in  this  work. 
The  technique  of  making  the  concrete  specimens  is  fully  described 
in  the  thesis  of  lie*  R.  L,  Brown,  previously  mentioned. 

The  concrete  test  specimens  were  made  in  the  6 x 12  inch 
steel  molds  of  the  laboratory.  Machined  cast  iron  base  plates 
were  used  as  bottoms  to  the  molds.  Both  mold  and  base  plate 
were  oiled  with  heavy  steam  engine  cylinder  oil  before  use.  This 
insured  a smooth  surface,  and  also  prevented  any  considerable 
loss  of  water  around  the  plate.  The  actual  height  and  diameter 
of  each  mold  was  measured,  these  data  being  used  in  the  computa- 
tions. 

All  cylinders  made  from  the  natural  sands  were  numbered  in 
accordance  with  the  following  scheme;  the  number  10B46  would 
mean  natural  sand  Ko,  10,  specimen  A of  mix  46;  companion  speci- 
mens were  marked  102J46B,  10E46C,  The  number  46  is  a reference 
number  used  to  indicate  the  proportions  of  the  mixture.  The 
concrete  cylinders  made  from  the  artificially  graded  sands, 

Bo.  31,  32,  and  36  were  numbered  consecutively  in  the  order  of 
making. 

In  general  companion  specimens  were  made  on  different  days. 

No  attempt  was  made  to  have  companion  specimens  made  by  the  same 
operator. 


. . -i.  .. 


•J.  . 

li  tft: 


L' - L '4<  ■ ^ 


1 “lX'5'ft'XQf<.' 


'J'  :.  ..Ijr...^ 


t 

• ■;■:•  n 


8 


•_>  V . C ! 


).;o'’ M ..  O' ;,; 


J .•\'-'ioi  9' 


X-  . J - • 

^ 'J  'iO.i'  -X-  V. 0 


. ox  : c ■ . ' ■' 


r;  . f>L’r:  ' 

,\j  .Liv.  c.L^  0 i'’xo 

•■i  C'XM®  .•;  •-■■-' 


n-_ 


o"i  ; 


X jii^  a 


I ' ,\j  i„  i.  i- 


. J 


''  i'f’  ‘■’^  ;; 

. . . 0 - 


tA-  ;:v..:  ■r-i-qgic?-.  - '.. 


0 o', 


, O • O 


- 


43 


Test  cylinders  were  capped  with  a good  stiff  neat  cement 
mortar.  The  cap  was  smoothed  out  by  means  of  a piece  of  plate 
glass.  The  glass  was  prevented  from  sticking  by  the  use  of  oiled 
paper  between  the  glass  and  the  cap.  The  cylinders  in  most  cases 
had  been  made  one  to  four  hours  when  capped.  Unless  damaged 
in  handling,  the  lower  end  was  not  capped. 

Mortar  Test  Specimens. - The  mortar  test  specimens  were 
made  in  2 x 4 inch  molds  cf  drawn  seamless  metal  tubing.  All 
specimens  were  made  by  one  operator;  he  had  had  no  previous 
experience  in  laboratory  work.  The  specimens  were  made  under 
the  same  conditions  and  by  the  same  method  as  the  mortar  voids 
tests  were  made. 

The  average  of  three  mortar  specimens  is  reported  in  this 
thesis,  no  numbering  system  has  been  used  other  than  that  the 
specimens  made  of  natural  Sands  are  referred  to  as  Al,  A2,  A3, 
etc.  The  artificially  graded  sand  mortars  are  referred  to  as 
Dl,  D2,  D3,  etc. 

A plate  glass  base  plate  was  used.  The  method  of  capping 
was  similiar  to  that  used  for  the  concrete  cylinders. 

In  both  concrete  and  mortar  test  specimens,  the  actual  re- 
sulting proportions  in  each  cylinder  were  determined  by  the  use 
of  the  known  volume  of  the  mold.  The  molds  were  not  measured 
just  before  being  filled,  but  were  measured  at  the  beginning 
of  the  tests  and  these  values  were  checked  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  tests. 


44 


12.  Storage  and  Handling  of  Test  Specimens.-  The  test  speci- 
mens, both  mortar  and  concrete,  remained  in  the  laboratory  where 
they  were  made  approximately  24  hours  before  the  molds  were  re- 
moved. The  average  temperature  was  about  72 ®F.  At  the  end  of 
24  hours  the  molds  and  glass  plates  were  removed,  and  the  speci- 
mens stored  in  moist  air.  The  humidity  of  the  moist  room  was 
practically  constant  at  unity.  The  temperature  was  also  approxi- 
mately constant  at  70*^.  The  air  was  kept  moist  by  means  of  two 
atomizing  humidifiers  furnished  by  the  American  Moistening  Company 
These  atomizers  , being  operated  under  an  air  pressure  of  about 
50  lbs.  per  sq.  in.,  sprayed  a fine  mist.  One  atomizer  was  placed 
on  the  north  side  of  the  moist  room  and  the  other  on  the  south 
side.  These  were  placed  so  as  to  spray  in  opposite  directions. 
This  gave  a tendency  for  the  moist  air  to  circulate.  At  times 
when  the  air  did  not  seem  sufficiently  moist,  the  old  sprays, 
which  operate  under  water  pressure  only,  were  run  until  the  air 
became  saturated.  These  old  sprays  are  not  very  satisfactory  as 
they  do  not  set  up  a foggy  atmosphere.  The  specimens  remained  in 
the  moist  room  for  26  days  and  then  were  removed  for  testing. 

They  remained  in  dry  air  24  hours  before  testing. 

The  6 X 12  inch  test  specimens  were  moved  on  trucks  or  buggies. 
Approximately  twenty  cylinders  could  be  moved  at  one  time.  This 
method  of  handling  eliminated  unnecessary  breakage.  Extreme  care 
was  taken  both  in  loading  and  unloading  the  specimens  to  avoid  in- 
jury to  the  caps. 

The  2x4  inch  mortar  specimens  were  placed  in  a large  pail 
or  bucket,  which  one  man  could  easily  carry.  Approximately  36 


45 


of  these  cylinders  could  be  placed  in  the  pail  (half  bushel  bucket) 
at  one  time.  Care  was  taken  to  avoid  any  damage  to  the  specimen 
proper  or  to  its  cap.  It  was  necessary  to  carry  the  2x4  inch 
specimens  to  the  Laboratory  of  jipplied  Mechanics  Building  for 
testing. 

13.  Method  of  Making  Compression  Tests.-  All  specimens  were 
removed  from  the  moist  room  twenty-four  hours  before  they  were  to 
be  tested.  The  temperature  of  the  room  in  which  they  were  stored 
during  this  twenty-four  hour  period  immediately  preceding  testing 
was  practically  constant  at  72®F.  Before  testing,  all  concrete 
cylinders  were  weighed,  and  the  diameter  and  height  were  measured. 
These  data  were  usually  taken  on  all  of  the  day*s  specimens,  in 
the  morning  before  testing  began. 

All  specimens  were  examined  for  faulty  caps  and  defects  due  to 
workmanship  or  other  causes*  Test  specimens  which  were  found  to 
have  faulty  caps  were  tested  with  plaster  of  paris  caps. 

^ 2.  l^-ch  Concrete  Test  Specimens. - All  concrete  test 
specimens  were  tested  on  the  300  000  pound  Olsen,  Pourscrew  Uni- 

versal Testing  Machine.  The  machine  was  operated  at  its  slowest 
speed  - the  crosshead  travels  about  0.05  inches  per  minute  under  no 
load.  Load  was  applied  through  a carefully  adjusted  spherical  block 
bearing  against  machined  cast  iron  bearing  plates. 

On  all  concrete  specimens  tested  curves  were  taken  by  means  of 
a Rapid  Semi -Autographic  Device,  which  indicates  the  form  of  the 
stress-deformation  curve.  As  no  study  is  made  in  this  thesis  of  the 


46 


elasticity  of  the  specimens,  no  description  of  this  apparatus  is 
given* 

The  ultimate  load  was  determined  by  means  of  the  drop  of  the 
beam.  The  beam  was  kept  carefully  balanced  as  the  load  was  applied, 
^t  the  ultimate  load  (ultimate  stress  on  the  specimen)  the  beam 
would  drop,  and  further  downward  movement  of  the  crosshead  would 
not  ra ise  the  beam. 

In  general,  specimens  were  not  tested  to  destruction. 

— — — Mo rtar  Test  Specimens.-  Ill  mortar  specimens  were 

tested  on  the  50  000  pound  Riehle,  Two-screw  Universal  Testing 
Machine.  The  slowest  speed  was  used  - the  crosshead  travels  about 
0.05  inches  per  minute  under  no  load.  lo  data  on  elasticity  were 
taken.  The  method  of  applying  load  and  of  determining  ultimate 
load  was  the  same  as  for  the  concrete  specimens* 


= X 


m 


0-,  ‘ ^ *V/  rt 


-;i:^inio9cr8  ••-’i-  i :*i oiifr  :!' 

¥ 


:*  /r 


'T  f;dJ  t ' oc.:  ,i  iei-i '.Ti x>£;oI 


L ^ 


t/  t>. 


e^-  tt>onr.:nci  r.llvls-xBo  t?»w  it--  : ‘ c?.-.*  .- 

• :j-  / L-J.l  o C o )— #. 

?,X.  7.  M or^sFv'i.e  ...•j  :..  j --'  oji..  ■XSriJlc;^  L.u  , rj*^  Mubtr 

. -oecf  orJ  ettifli  o-on 

■>.  ''  . 

‘j.  ^'. u v:'j3“  cu^aloQCQ  jj.w:ion8g  r:l 

-„:fv:  urror.  o r'  XJ.'  - ■ «il£l  • 

-'•'Jii  -i  .r.'i-iS  ■ •■'  ■ --CT.  , 'r.-ir,;;-.  t.-BCu  000  PS  oiL*  no  ioi 


i_’i^r  ^4- .t-O^C*  V,' 

Qb3.'-  if  i-’I  3 i*  - ■ 

. -‘9^' 

. omlo' 


.‘■}«j.  on  ' Ov 'J.iiu.  137  aoilo^l  oC.^ 


9 v.*”-: 


oiirl  jn.  T.X  ' u ' O fiorfXoi::  c/‘‘T  . ||| 

eiccoo  siii"  i-->i  8B  oraa  o/^J"  hj  w 


‘v  ' *''!*'• 

V"  -i 


Kl 


-III- 


EIPERB'IEIJT^L  Dili  Am  DISCUSS lOE 


47 


14.  Explanation  of  Tables.- 

Table  1.-  Table  1,  giving  the  results  of  tests  of  the 
cement  was  made  up  from  data  furnished  the  laboratory  by 
Mr.  E.  E.  Bauer  of  the  Civil  Engineering  Department,  who  made  the 
tests. 

lable  2.-  Table  2 gives  the  data  of  the  physical  properties 
of  the  fine  and  coarse  aggregates  used.  Professor  Jibrams  of 
Lewis  Institute  furnished  the  descriptive  data  of  Sands  1 to  22 
inclusive.  The  values  given  in  the  table  were  found  by  the 
methods  described  under  the  various  technique  of  tests.  The 
fineness  moduli  and  surface  moduli  were  obtained  by  the  use  of 
the  coefficients  proposed  by  Professor  Talbot. 

3.-  The  sieve  analyses  of  Sands  Eo,  0, 1,2,3,  5,6,7, 
8,11,16,18,19,21,23,  and  24  are  given  in  Table  3. 

Table  4 gives  the  percentage  of  the  voids  in 
mortars  filled  with  water  at  w^^^,  1.2w^^^,and  These  data 

are  given  for  tne  sands  enumerated  above.  Thase  values  were 
obtained  from  interpolation  on  the  curves  plotted  between  the 
volume  of  water  per  volume  of  mortar,  and  voids. 

Table  5.-  Table  5 gives  the  percentage  of  increase  in 
voids  corresponding  to  a given  increase  in  water,  jill  percentages 
are  referred  to  basic  water  content.  The  quantities  in  this 
table  were  computed  from  the  relation  : the  percentage  increase 

in  voids  at  a given  relative  water  content  is  equal  to 

percentage  of  voids  filled  with  water  at  basic  water  content 
percentage  of  voids  filled  with  water  at  the  spec  if  ie'd  "water  conia^ 


.'.>  « •■.”  -HU 

• ;..  -J,l\ 


•^1 


r j:* 


. -a 


.1  V 


,. -v-v.'  ’-ij:. 


V.  ,-n J:  - oivio 


,cl'  ' 


:-;::ii  '-u 


fij;  ;J, 


7 ./I. 


' '■’t  '■  •" 


/ ' 


48 

multiplied  by  the  relative  water  content  (as  1.2,  1.4)  and  by 
100  per  cent.  The  data  for  the  computations  were  taken  from 
Table  4. 

Table  - Table  6 gives  the  average  of  the  results  of 
three  mortar  test  specimens.  Specimens  were  made  at  a constant 

Q 

— = 2.5.  The  artificially  graded  sand  mortars  were  made  from 
Attica  sand  to  conform  to  the  sieve  analysis  of  the  natural  sands. 
The  natural  sand  mortar  test  specimens  were  designed  for  basic 
water  content  and  the  same  total  quantity  of  water  was  used  in 
the  test  specimens  made  from  the  artificially  graded  sands.  The 
numbers  following  the  letters  indicate  the  sand  number,  as  Al, 

Sand  No.  1. 

Table  7_,-  Table  7 gives  the  results  of  the  concrete  test 
specimens  made  with  the  natural  sands.  The  notation  used  in  the 
column  headings  is  described  under  Definition  of  Terms.  The 

cylinders  made  with  a given  sand  are  referred  to  as  1 N , 

10  N , etc.  The  first  set  of  digits  preceding  the  letter  N 

indicates  the  sand  number.  All  tabulated  quantities  were  computed 
from  the  original  data,  assuming  that  proportional  parts  of  all 
the  materials  were  placed  in  the  mold.  All  calculations  of 
quantities  were  based  on  wet  concrete. 

15.  Explanation  of  Curves  and  Diagrams. - The  curves  and 
diagrams  will  be  explained  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  given 
under  LIST  OP  CURVES  AND  DIAGRAMS,  using  the  curve  number  given 
there  to  designate  the  curves  or  tsrpe  of  curves  'being  discussed. 


i 

<-) 


49 


Curves  1 and  - Curves  1 and  2 will  not  be  explained  here 

as  they  are  explained  in  the  text  which  they  accompany. 

Curve  3.-  Curve  3 is  plotted  on  logarithmic  paper  from  the 

equation  S = 27000  ( . ^ ^ ^ , 

V + c 

Curve  4.-  Curve  4 consists  of  the  Composite  Characteristic 

Mortar  Voids  Curves,  Characteristic  Basic  Water  Content  Curves, 

and  Characteristic  Cement-Space  Ratio  Curves.  These  curves 

were  taken  from  the  curves  plotted  from  the  original  mortar  voids 

test  data.  These  original  curves  are  explained  under  Curve  8, 

Curve  5.-  Curve  5 gives  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of 

Sand  Ro.  23  at  basic  water  content  and  at  1,4  basic  water  content. 

Curve  £•-  Curve  6 gives  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves 

of  Sand  Ro.  23  at  basic  water  content.  It  also  shows  the  curve  of 

bulk  of  mortar  for  a given  absolute  volume  of  cement  and  a fixed 
a 

— . Further  explanation  of  this  bulk  of  mortar  curve  is  given 
under  Design  of  a Concrete  Mix. 

Curve  7,-  Curve  7 shows  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of 

♦ 

Sand  Ro.  3 and  23  at  basic  water  content. 

Curve  _8, - Curve  8 consists  of  the  Characteristic  Mortar 
Curves  at  1,0, 1.1,  1.2,  and  1,4  basic  water  content  for  Sands 
Ro.O,  1,  2,  3,  5,  6,  7^,  8,  11,  16,  18,  19,  21,  23,  and  24. 
Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  are  given  for  the  remaining  sands 
at  basic  water  content  only.  These  last  curves  were  taken  from 
the  thesis  of  Mr.  Brovvn, 

The  original  data  of  the  mortar  voids  tests  is  plotted  with 
volume  of  water  per  volume  of  mortar  (corrected  for  absorption) 
as  abscissa,  and  voids  in  the  mortar  as  ordinates.  Usually  a 


50 


well  defined  point  of  minimum  volume  was  found.  Occasionally 
it  was  necessary  to  produce  the  two  sides  of  the  curve  to  an 
intersection.  This  lowest  point  was  taken  as  the  point  of 
minimum  volume. 

it  the  point  of  minimum  volume  "basic  water  content  and  the 
corresponding  voids  were  read  from  the  curves.  The  voids  at 
1.0,  1.1,  l.E,  1.4  basic  water  content  were  then  read  from  the 
curve  and  plotted. 

The  c (cement  per  unit  volume  of  mortar)  was  plotted  from  the 
j.  • _ ^ 1 c 

equation  c * • q — . The  curve  was  plotted  by  combining 

o’ 

the  various  values  of  ^ the  corresponding  values  of  c and  Vj^. 

Curve  £. - The  strength  of  the  concrete  test  specimens  are 
plotted  against  the  cement-space  ratio  on  Curve  9.  ill  of  the 


specimens  (that  is  the  averages  of  each  set)  are  plotted  on  the 
master  curve.  Prom  these  data  the  equation  S = 27000  ( - ) ' 


2.4 


V + c 

was  determined.  The  test  specimens  made  from  each  sand  including 

mortar  specimens  are  compared  to  this  curve  of  strength. 

Curve  10. - The  strength  of  the  concrete  test  specimens  are 

plotted  against  the  voids-cement  ratio  on  Curve  10.  The  equation 

2.4 

3 = 27000 f- — 2-^)  was  transformed  to  the  form  S = _^.*^000 
V + c (1 

was  found  to  fit  the  data  very  closely*  The  strength  of  the  test 
specimens  made  from  each  sand  including  mortar  specimens  are 
compared  to  this  curve  of  strength. 

ii*  ■■  Curve  11  gives  the  comparative  strength  of  the 
2 X 4 in.  mortar  test  specimens.  They  are  compared  to  the  equation 
S = 27000  (^9.  _ ) * , being  plotted  with  5 as  abscissa.  The 

V + 0 


A* 


■! 

i 


•j 


■3> 


iu ■ >, 


1'. 


results  of  the  tests  of  both  the  specimens  inade  v/ith  natural 
sand  and  with  the  same  gradation  of  ittica  sand  are  plotted. 


51 


Curve  12. ~ Curve  12  consists  of  diagrams  showing  the  per- 
centage of  the  voids  in  mortar  filled  with  v/ater  at  three  water 
contents.  These  values  were  found  by  interpolation  from  the 
Characteristic  Mortar  Curves. 

16.  Explanation  of  Photographs.-  It  is  not  thought 
necessary  to  explain  the  photographs  in  detail.  The  photographs 
of  the  sands  show  the  natural  sand  as  used  in  the  concrete  test 
specimens  and  also  the  corresponding  artificial  gradation  of 
ittica  sand  which  was  used  in  the  adhesion  tests. 

17.  Relations  Concerning  the  Strength  of  Concrete.-  it  is 
generally  conceded  that  the  strength  of  concrete,  and  in  general 
most  of  its  other  properties,  depend  upon  the  cement  content  and 
the  density.  Before  taking  up  the  discussion  of  strength  further, 

it  is  desirable  to  quote  some  authorities  on  the  elements  entering 
into  a proper  design. 

fl)  "With  given  concrete  materials  and  conditions 
of  test  the  quantity  of  mixing  water  used  determines  the 
strength  of  the  concrete,  so  long  as  the  mix  is  of  a work- 
able plasticity".* 

(2)  "The  sieve  analysis  furnishes  the  only  correct 
basis  for  proportioning  aggregates  in  concrete  mixtures".* 


-^'brams,"Besign  of  Concrete  Mix tures", Bull e tin  t\io~T 
structural  Materials  Research  laboratory,  lewis  institute,  p^geS. 


I 

*1 


r 


f 


»•  • 


*•  1*  , /(#! 


5E 


(3)  ”We  have  found  that  the  maximum  strength  of 
concrete  does  not  depend  on  either  an  aggregate  of 
maximum  density  or  a concrete  of  maximum  density”.* 

(4)  "Water  content  is  the  most  important  element 

of  a concrete  mix,  in  that  small  variations  in  the 
water  cause  a much  wider  change  in  the  strength  than 

similar  variations  in  the  cement  content  or  the  size 

Or  trading  of  the  aggregate.  This  shows  the  absurdity 

of  our  present  practice  in  specifying  definite  gradings 

for  aggregates  and  carefully  proportioning  the  cement, 

then  guessing  at  the  water.  It  would  he  more  correct 

to  carefully  measure  the  water  and  guess  at  the  cement  in 

the  hatch".** 

(5)  "The  tests  did,  however,  bring  out  emphatically 
the  essential  dependence  of  strength  on  the  water  ratio, 
which  is  quite  contrary  to  the  statements  found  in  most 
of  the  textbooks  to  the  effect  that  the  strength  of 
concrete  is  proportional  to  the  amount  of  cement  used".*** 


*I>.  ^ibrarns,  "Design  of  Concrete  Mixtures",  Bulletin 
Do.  1,  Structural  Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute,  pagel 

**  D.A.Jibrams,  "Design  of  Concrete  Mixtures",  Bulletin 
Do.  1,  Structural  Materials  Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute 
page  EO. 

***D.i. Abrams,  Engineering  Dews -Record,  Vol.  8S,  June  IE,  1919 
page  1147. 


tr  - . 


t 


C.'  'Lil 


.'-v\3';  3.23 


J/. 


! • 


t- 


Y 

V 


*; . 


r 


^ i 


' "^1 


? 


? 


f 


< 


r 


0 


I 


' 


vr 


>* 


\^i 


55 

(6)  "On  the  otherhand,  many  different  series 
of  tests  niade  in  this  laboratory  have  shovm  that  the 
quantity  of  cement  is  not  a criterion  of  the  strength 
of  concrete  unless  at  the  same  time  we  take  into 
account  the  quantity  of  water  used".  * 

(7)  "In  ordinary  proportioning  with  a given  sand 
and  stone  and  a given  percentage  of  cement,  the 
densest  and  strongest  mixture  is  attained  when  the 

■volume  of  the  mixture  of  sand,  cement  and  water  is 
so  small  as  just  to  fill  the  voids  in  the  stone”.  ** 

(8)  "These  tests  indicated  that  the  strength 

of  concrete  varies  with  the  percentage  of  cement  con- 
tained in  a unit  volume  of  the  set  concrete,  also 
with  the  density  of  the  specimen.  With  the  same  per- 
centage of  cement,  the  densest  mixture,  irrespective 
of  the  relative  proportions  of  the  sand  and  stone,  was 
in  general  the  strongest”.  *** 

(9)  "The  strength  of  concrete  depends  primarily  upon: 
(a)  the  amount  of  cement  used,  (h)  the  density  of  tlie 
concrete,  (c)  the  proportion  of  water  used,  and  (d)  the 
age  of  the  specimen.  Within  the  usual  proportions  the 
strength  will  he  about  proportional  to  the  amount  of  cement 


* D.  A.  Abrams,  Engineering  Eews-Record,  Vol.  82,  June  19. 
1919,  page 1204 

**  Taylor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  Plain  and  Reinforced" 
Third  Edition,  page  ^95.  * 


^^ylor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  Plain  and 

in  19m^hv  1-0*  Tests  referred  to  were  made 

in  1901  by  Hr.  p„Her.  E 19B.  Gardiner,  «nd 


,,v.«  -r  -«**-•  * 


0,?.  r-,;  ••  j*  • ; 


•'.•  ’*  ’1^  i ^.'Xl.  y ^ 'i  o 


--I-."’  f«M;X 

n:  -J  >-.  ao  ■>  f'JS 

.,.  . ..ik 

i 


X. 

■ - J C>  . Mf,  ( 

•r:  ..  . ■ 


»>*'  V ^ '.  V • 
. 1 , 


.iJ:  ••:•••  •*  (7) 


■'Ar 


f '“ 


. M'  . . ' 


H . 


trr  : * . i.  ..  T. 


.-.j^ 'i>. ‘.05  n I)  ".;:- 
*•.  n.:r'-o 

r-.'.‘\>  {Jl^/A  ‘ < 


* ^ I i k . I 


J 


^ ‘ Ev  J ^ i.'  "1 


J . . . » ■ J wi 


, i..  , 


' >!  ^ 

.'•4;' '2^'  -fff) 


. / 


0.^=1  >/;Cj 


‘4'i 


"i  i. 


!>.:./«  c^;?'  :.■;' 


. ✓ ' •< 


a . •;i‘  u 


.J-LOuV-T  '-V  {V  ' «.’ 

t!/'  ' 4 y 'vu  ■-  • ~ 

\ , ' • yr**.  •. 


•■';  ■I'. -4^  ^ 


j . . * .?'. 

s 

■ it  :')J: 


* .■ 


I J..- 

. t.  J J ',■ 


i *■ 


..  ,^' 

" j ’i  ii  t- 

J I 'j ! 'X‘  > 


. . , kj- ' ..  r 


M 


«4.-k'  V j X ■'•  :•;;  c voc^c-i-?'.  x ^ 


- k/'  - o-..-..'  , 


t 

" *n 


V »'....,  -w*  • jfc- 


54 


employed and  for  like  proportions  of  cement  the  strength 

increases  markedly  with  the  density’’.* 

(10)  "Factors  contributing  to  the  strength  of  con- 
crete are  then,  the  amount  of  cement,  the  amount  of 
mixing  water,  the  amount  of  voids  in  the  combination  of 
fine  and  coarse  aggregate  and  the  area  of  surface  of  the 
aggregate" .** 

(11)  "Density  is  a good  measure  of  the  relative 
compressive  strength  of  several  different  mixtures  of 
the  same  aggregates  with  the  same  proportion  of  cement 
to  total  aggregate".*** 

( 1£ ) "For  the  same  per  cent  of  cement  and  the 
same  aggregate,  the  strongest  concrete  is  made  with 
that  combination  of  the  sand  and  the  coarse  material 
which  gives  a concrete  of  the  greatest  density".**** 

(13)  "For  concrete  made  of  good  materials  under 
normal  temperature  conditions  three  very  important 


* Turneaure  and  llaurer,  "Principles  of  Reinf orcedcon- 
crete".  Third  Edition,  page  12. 

**  Professor  A,  R . Talbot,  Proceedings  American  Railway 
Engineering  dissociation,  Vol,  20,  1919,  page  905. 

***  Technologic  Paper  Ro.  68,  Bureau  of  Standards,  page  92. 

*^**  Baker,  "Masonry  Construction",  Tenth  Edition,  page  138. 


55 


factors  in  determining  its  compressive  strength  are: 

(1)  age,  (E)  richness  of  the  concrete  in  cement  and, 

(3)  amount  of  mixing  water  used”.* 

(14)  "Generally  speaking,  for  maximum  strength, 
maximum  resistance  to  passage  of  water,  maximum  re- 
sistance to  wear  and  maximum  resistance  to  disintegration 
hy  such  agencies  as  acids,  alkalis,  or  electrolytic 
action  concrete  should  be  of  maximum  density" . ** 

(15)  "With  the  same  proportion  of  cement,  with  like 
consistency  and  like  materials  the  strength  and  imperme- 
ability increase  with  the  density  of  the  mixture".*** 

(16)  "Inasmuch  as  the  density  of  a mixture  is  so 
often  a criterion  of  other  physical  properties  (strength, 
impermeability,  fireproofing,  and  abrasion  previously 
discussed  - writer’s  note),  the  more  scientific  methods 
of  proportioning  are  essentially  schemes  for  securing 
maximum  density".**** 

(17)  "With  the  density  remaining  constant  and  with 
making  and  curing  conditions  similar,  the  strength  of 
concrete  increases  in  nearly  direct  ratio  to  the  propor- 
tion of  cement  for  the  mixes  commonly  used".***** 

* Moore, "Materials  of  Engineering" , Second  Edition,  Chapter 
on  Concrete,  by  H.  F.  Gonnerman,  page  245. 

**  Moore, "Materials  of  Engineering" , Second  Edition,  Chapter 
on  Concrete,  by  H.  F.  Gonnerman,  page  209. 

.***  "Johnson’s  Materials  of  Construction",  Fifth  Edition  Re- 
written by  M.  0.  Withey  and  James  Ashton,  page  426.  * 

****  "Jotinson’s  Materials  of  Construction",  Fifth  Edition  Re- 
Withey  and  James  j\shton,  page  427. 

’’Jotinson’s  Materials  of  Construction",  Fifth  Edition 
Rewritten  by  M.  0.  Withey  and  James  ishton,  page  459. 


I 


56 

The  above  references  were  to  concrete,  the  following 
authorities  are  quoted  on  mortars. 

fl)  "The  strength  of  a mortar  depends  primarily  upon 
(a)  percentage  of  cement  in  a unit  of  volume, and  (b)  density’.’’* 

(Z)  "yyith  the  same  aggregate,  the  strongest  and 
most  impermeable  mortar  is  that  containing  the  largest 
percentage  of  cement  in  a given  volume  of  the  mortar".** 

(3)  "With  the  same  percentage  of  cement  in  a given 
volume  of  mortar,  the  strongest,  and  usually  the  most 
impermeable,  mortar  is  that  which  has  the  greatest  density, 
that  is,  which  in  a unit  volume  has  the  largest  percentage 
of  solid  materials".** 

(4)  "por  any  series  of  plastic  mortars  made  with 
the  same  binding  material  and  inert  sands,  the  resistance 
to  compression  after  the  same  length  of  set  under  identi- 
cal conditions,  is  solely  a function  of  the  ratio  -2.,  what- 
ever  be  the  nature  and  size  of  the  sand  and  the  proportions 
of  the  elements,-  cement,  inert  sand  and  water,-  of  v/hich 
each  is  composed".*** 

(5)  "Prom  very  numerous  exper inents. . .M.  Peret  evolves 
the  approximate  formula 

S is  proportional  to  C c ) **** 

c + V 

*Taylor  and  Thompson, "Concrete  Plain  and  Reinforced"'  Third 
Edition,  page  143. 

**Taylor  and  Thompson, "Concrete  Plain  and  Reinforced",  Third 
Edition, page  144. 

and  Thompson, "Cnnerete  Plain  and  Reinforced" , Third 
Edition, page  153.  This  law  is  the  conclusion  of  M. peret.  Rotation 
changed  to  the  nomenclature  used  in  this  thesis. 

+ . Thoqipson/'Concrete  P^sin  and  Re  info  reed" , Third 

naition,page  155.  Rotation  has  been  changed  to  conform  to  the  nomen- 
clature used  in  this  thesis. 


Jk 


J 


i)  , .■'  ■ ) '>  -w  fj  « 


-i.  • ^.• 


• ? 


a - 

t 

( 


,-;Y  .y 


< 


j j irijl 


,-Jl‘. 


Vi 


i •■  f • 


*V*'  *<  !*  *• 


>{'\ ^ . 


t 


f 


■J 


• * . - 1 


57 


The  majority  of  the  authorities  quoted  above  on  concrete 
are  in  accord  with  the  theory  that  the  strength  of  concrete  is 
proportional  to  the  cement  content  and  to  the  density. 

The  data  of  the  tests  reported  herein  have  substantiated  the 

theory  that  the  strength  of  concrete  is  proportional  to  the  cement 
content  and  to  the  density.  In  order  to  study  the  relation  be- 
tween cement  content  and  density  curves  were  plotted  between 
cement-space  ratio  and  the  compressive  strength  of  the  concrete 
test  specimens.  The  curves  shown  on  page  164  and  page  190  are 
plotted  from  the  results  of  the  average  in  general  of  three  test 
specimens  (natural  sand  concrete  test  specimens  only).  The  data 

from  which  these  curves  were  plotted  are  given  in  Table  7. 

Prom  the  data  plotted  between  the  cement-space  ratio  ( - - ) 

and  compressive  strength  (pounds  per  square  inch)  an  average  curve 

was  drawn  through  the  plotted  points.  This  average  curve  was 

plotted  on  logarithmic  paper  and  its  equation  was  found  to  be 

S = 27000  - in  drawing  in  this  curve  some  ?/eight  was 

given  the  data  of  other  tests  at  the  University  of  Illinois 

(Series  20). 

T;:e  curve  shown  on  page  ISO  is  represented  by  the  equation 

S = _ ^7Q00  This  is  simply  a transformation  of  the  equation 

"iTl  + ]^2^.4 

S = 27000  c ) 2.4.  - On  this  curve  tie  strength  of  the  concrete 
V + c 

test  specimens  are  plotted. 

The  curves  on  page  165  to  page  IS  Sine  lusive  and  page  ]Slto  page  215 

represent  the  variation  from  the  average  curves  of  concrete  test 

specimens  made  from  a specified  natural  sand.  The  results  of 

the  adhesion  tests  of  mortars  (made  from  both  the  natural  sands  and 

the  artificially  graded  sands)  are  also  plotted  on  these  curves. 


.«'v^,  ’’ ,0 ^ •■V  ’ 


■■  ■ .'  , ' .fur-fi 

’ c->n»  'iu.  <' 


■*':i:.j^  ■>. 


X 


ii- 


n'C  ' 1'  ’ ' ,'  ‘'’J.  ■■  , 


iiM"  -A'zw: 

.'  ' ^ t -ii ' H 

■ ■••'■'  ' ' x ..  ' ..  ( !■:  ■ X ' ' 


'"'V^  '►  . ■ 4.  ■ ftfci'.  »<, 


•>7,'.? 

■"  . 'i  . ' 

- ■ 

* rv'--’ 

■ 1 , 

-t  ;1‘ 


' •'.  1.  t'o.  > ' .'  ' '.,ii 

. :U'x.'  • ' •^.  ..  ■ 


i:  ^^-^3 


■' - lai..  \c  , X •.(  • f :i  i)V' f ‘V 

i.  ■/'.  ’'j* . . /, 


I-  ^ 


-■  > .. ••■  ?. V^’5^' " ' Vh|4' ■'?  i‘ •>  v.iMvi*  ^‘  ' ' ' ' ' 


4 . 


'.  V.  ^ tio'l 


■ : "S 


I't 


1,'j'iv  '4,/  v!..  , v.::;-^ 

\ ,..xr.  ilj. 

---.ro.'  /^6  .a; 

• . , (;  , , 

' ' ' 0/ , ' 'y  , ('4■'t)^v^,  ',  ‘ I 


r ■+ 


. ‘ i' 


TI  '.'.  C 1>'‘  I?*' . V .,'.,  ..;  •-. 

'^  . . ' ■*«.  ■'  ■ ■ ■ ' ' ■ 

. ..  ' ....  ,■  ■x.J'  -V^  . ' •-..  ■'  ? V ■'  -.'•v  > ''■^’ 


V '■  ■«  ' 


' ,v  '"  . ■« 
'U-  .'  ■'•.  '< 


fe 


•I  iM  '^1.^ 


• I 


4,1 


' j.  ‘.'i  *' 


.'  J , -J-W  V ^ 

u ^"*.1 


•Jo''’  ■■.r/r,'J'..  C\  r/ir? 


t-raVr;V:-,  ^:, 

V V%r 

' 7:.:J  I 

' v'vx  ■■:1;  ;.  J c.i'v ..  / 


n,...  . '"-JW  J;  •:''■>  :X!  .0  ^ ’ 

, _ j,  - .,/  i,  ■ . ..  -,  ta.  ^ 

; , L ,■;  4 ^ . ' w 


f ■ .■'  ■■■;•;  ' ■ ^ - ;v'  '"/  X >'  ,.  '^V  ■■  . :•■  ,;. 

'■  ■ ' >•/■.  ...■■, 


.aaai 


' ' * . -■  / I , 


- ^ 58 

The  maximum  deviations  from  the  average  curve  are  the  test 
specimens  made  from  Sand  Uo.  6.  This  sand  was  limestone  screen- 
ings with  considerable  fine  material.  It  is  ^ 

dry  mixes  at  which  these  specimens  were  made  (Wj^q  to  the 

fine  material  had  a cementing  action  which  increased  the  strength 
above  that  which  would  be  exoected  from  the  density  and  the  cement 

content. 

Mo.  7M59,  the  value  which  is  high  as  seen  from  the  curve 

Showing  the  comparative  strength  of  Sand  Mo.  7 is  the  result  of 

only  one  test  specimen,  the  companion  specimens  were  not  made. 

MO.  8m75,_c  = .32E,  S = 2197  is  high  due  to  results  of  the  C 
v+c 

specimen  which  had  a much  higher  compressive  strength  than  did 
A and  B specimens. 

All  concrete  test  specimens  made  with  Sand  Mo.  11  are  above 
the  average  curve.  The  adhesion  test  indicated  that  the  adhesion 
of  Sand  Mo.  11  was  higher  than  the  average. 

Both  the  concrete  and  mortar  test  specimens  made  with  Sand 
Mo.  12  are  above  the  average  curve  of  strength. 

Tests  specimens  made  with  Sands  Mo.  13  and  15  do  not  fall 
on  the  curves  for  the  higher  values  of  ■ ^ ■■■■»  ^The  test  specimens 

V + 12 

at  the  higher  values  of  . 9 were  in  general  more  erratic  in 

v + c 

their  behavior  than  ¥/ere  test  specimens  with  lower  values  of  — . 

v + c 

It  is  noteworthy  that  the  test  specimens  made  with  Sands  Mo. 20 
and  22,  both  Elgin  Sands,  show  similar  characteristics  as  regards 
strengths. 

Test  specimens  made  with  natural  Attica  sand  gave  higher 
values  of  strength  than  did  the  average  of  all  the  specimens. 


59 


Adhesion  Tests . - Addi.tional  information  is  needed  in  order 
to  study  the  adhesion  of  various  sands*  The  curve  on  page  216 
indicates  that  the  mortar  test  specimens  gave  results  in  nearly 
every  case  lower  than  that  indicated  hy  the  average  curve  of 
strength*  It  appears  that  at  "basic  water  content,  the  mortars 
follow  about  the  same  general  law  as  the  concretes,  being  repre- 
sented by  a curve  somewhat  below  the  curve  representing  the 
strength  of  concrete* 


60 


18.  Discussion  of  Cement-Space  Ratio. - Rrom  the  results 

of  the  concrete  test  specimens  reported  in  this  thesis,  it 

appears  that  for  cylinders  made  at  basic  water  content,  or  at 

least  near  basic  water  content,  the  strength  in  compression 

may  be  expressed  as  a function  of  the  cement-space  ratio.  By 

definition  cement-space  ratio  is  the  concentration  of  the 

cement  per  unit  volume;  that  is,  cement-space  ratio  = c 

V + c 

(see  page  8 ). 

If  the  assumption  is  made  that  the  voids  in  the  coarse 
aggregate  (after  being  placed  in  the  concrete)  are  filled  with 
mortar  then  in  general  the  total  voids  in  the  concrete  will 
be  equal  to  the  total  voids  in  the  mortar  therein.  This  as- 
sumption does  not  take  into  consideration  whatever  additional 
voids  in  the  concrete  may  be  produced  by  the  presence  of  many 
surfaces  (surface  areas  of  the  coarse  aggregate)  to  be  coated 
with  the  mortar.  On  the  above  hypothesis  the  total  voids  in 
the  concrete  and  also  the  total  volume  of  cement  in  the  concrete 
will  be  contained  in  the  mortar.  This  leads  to  the  conclusion 

that  the  cement-space  ratio  (— — ^ — ) is  dependent  upon  the 

V + c 

mortar  in  the  concrete.  A study  therefore  of  the  c 

V + c 

curves  for  various  sands  to  be  used  as  fine  aggregates  is 
valuable  as  a basis  of  comparison  of  the  probable  strengths  that 
might  be  expected  from  concrete  test  specimens  made  witn  a 
particular  mortar. 

Before  considering  the  curves  for  the  different  snnds 

V + c ’ 

it  is  desirable  to  call  attention  at  this  point  to  the  relation 


■'',  it  V 


■ ,t . r '. I ', : , • '-'I  w 


- M 


X 
J I,.' 


yhft.si.  ■■'  - ■••’•» 

■■■'  ....;.■ 


■•  ":■{  . 


■'.  ■- 3 '> f<’ •■■'  ■:?  ■.'  ■-  •■”B ••■»  . .^) ?!•  >^ B d i?--i 

■ ■t’.''.  V ' Th 


",  •') 


-.lb-  ■’ 


■t)  \- 


I 


T'  I 1 ' ■ '”,•  i ' ■ i ^ U'i  '. 

'■■‘\  ^ - ^ * 'V''. 


t. 

>< 


1^'. 


f)  V ' « £<  .>  >i",t  ''  *.,  ■ ' {JC  J •*  t,  ^ ft  8-^ 


'i 


h^"  I Vj  .''.■  ' i .fc  J ^, 

“At'i  • ■ ■ • 

lV  » 


k 


xiL\i  ^^iJ'i.Oi'.' 


h- 


’ V ''.M  .. .,;  :ui  fcftvri.-i,  i '4j:':jf:::'  't'>ii.  ] c •' 

rf!  &*•/.<  • •■ 

.,:.r  \:a,:-vi^'  .-'>t  t 


j'  •.'.  V I C'  - '' ■* ' -'•  • ■■  ^ '' 


'C''  * t)  .'•  {'  t’*'"'  ' ' * >i 


-4i)i  vi'fctS 

, • v<i '■>.  ■■•;,•;"- 

■■ 

L>  ■ 


•■,  ■ ..  . , ■.•'.ft-s',;. 


1 1. 


';,?^..;';,;y  OYvU'»:  ' '^a  , »■' 

Vf  ;-  . .:\£Jw' . <'/lJ4.,t 

>:■  A ■ 

4/ 


y^  Oj  r . ■ ' j-f 


A..O.'  .'■.«*■  WHj-“  '-•^' 

1 lui , 0^5’  Si* ..  '■■  ■ x'y  ^ 

,y'  . y’:'  . ;■  'f'  . 


^ ■: 


. ..  . , ,,.,  , >V.  • . . , ■ : ','■  ■•/... 

*'  ■•  •^"  - '•  ■'  tY-  " ' ' ' ■ ' ^ '■ 


‘■xaLib 

;-o'. 

'>i!H  'iM 

as 


• 'v"  'r  ' •*’■ 


£■*'•  W-  I ' ' ' '.'  ' 

» 4 . 


1 --  i' 


. ' 


■"  -:-0.  iS;  --, 

Vj  »v<te4?'5ir-:  n’- 

■■  -i-'r 


jfij  :"':  .fj.  d-2:  ia 

' ■"  ■’  ' ^•A•'■  ■ ' ' ' ■ 

'■  ■.  '•!■■  > 1 

Vi 


i * v-'v/ 


•TS,  '; 


<i 


•f* 


:< 

'■« 

■j 

•i 


i 


A 


J 

!> 


i 


, 


i 


67 


between  ^ as  determined  from  the  mortar  tests  and  as 
V + c 

determined  from  the  results  of  concrete  test  specimens,  ill 
the  test  specimens  reported  herein  were  designed  for  c of 
0.06,  .10,  and  .15,  and  b of  0.35,  .45,  .46,  and  .50.  Examina- 
tion of  Table  7 page  95  indicates  that  the  actual  values  of 
c and  b obtained  were  very  close  to  those  for  which  the  test 
specimens  were  designed.  Professor  i.  U.  Talbot  in  a paper 
to  be  presented  before  the  imerican  society  for  Testing 
Materials  at  the  Annual  Convention  in  June,  1921,  makes  this 
sjjatement  based  on  the  data  of  these  tests,  "The  observed  voids 
in  the  concrete  test  specimens  checked  rather  closely  with  the 
predetermined  values  obtained  by  calculation  from  the  mortar 
curves.  The  average  variation  from  the  expected  value  of  60 
sets  of  test  specimens  examined  was  less  than  1 per  cent  of  void^ 
Prom  the  above  cons iderations  it  seems  reasonable  to 
discuss  the  probable  mortar-making  qualities  of  a sand  (quality 
as  a mortar  in  compression  test  specimens)  from  a consideration 
of  the  — - — curve. 

V + G 

Comparison  of  Various  Sands  at  Basic  Water  Content. - 
The  curves  shown  on  page  64  and  page  65  indicate  the  c j 

V + c I 

curves  at  basic  water  content  for  twenty-eight  different  sands,  1 
twenty-four  of  these  sands  were  natural  gradations  of  sand,  one 
was  Standard  Ottawa,  and  three  were  artificial  gradations  made  up 
in  the  laboratory.  The  following  discussion  is  made  without 
reference  to  the  relative  mobility  of  the  sands  or  their  respect- 
ive adhesions  at  basic  water  content,  por  practical  purposes  it 
would  be  necessary  and  advisable  to  compare  a fine  sand  at  a 


< 

r 

* f -» 

>'■ 

'■  :'  t.‘- 

- 

i.  . ^ 

'■ 

. * 

Pi'.Tv  ^ * -- 

r?#'’  ■' 

■ • tfxVJ 

■j  J ^ 

. S 

■"  ''^u 

^ . , .'A  .ttJH 

' J *.'  J J 

\ 

■ 

• ifO^ 

" ■■ . t 

I I 

I 


' -.'f  /.  ' ’ .* 


I 


I 


\ lA-’V  t 

;;0  ui'  >’  •!  ’A'’-  1--  ’ '- 


po; 


.'•  i ; 


A r 


•*  I 'i  ^ ^ *4  f ' 

^ I 'i*'  / 4- 


f fr-.  V t 


68 

higher  relative  water  content  than  a coarse  sand  in  order  to 
discuss  them  on  an  equal  basis  as  regards  mobility*  Mobility 
will  not  be  considered  here* 

The  curve  plotted  on  logarithmic  paper  page  66  is  the 
curve  found  to  fit  the  data  of  these  tests  reasonably  v/ell* 

In  comparing  probable  strengths  of  various  sands  reference 
will  be  made  to  this  curve. 

For  a given  ratio  (if  fine  aggregate  to  cement  (~),  and 

with  a certain  water  content,  the  resulting^  mortar  will  have  a 

definite  c * From  the  c of  a given  mix  of  mortar 
V + c V + c 

made  at  basic  water  content,  it  is  possible  to  predict  the 
strength  of  the  concrete  in  compression  made  with  that  mortar. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  cuiwes  page  64  and  page  66  that  at 

77  = the  range  of  — of  the  sands  considered  is  from 

*483  to  .544,  being  the  values  of  Sand  Ko*  1 and  Ko.  36  respect- 
ively. This  from  the  strength  curve  referred  to  above  would 
indicate  a strength  of  4800  lb*  per  sq*  in*  to  6350  lb*  per 
sq.  in*  or  a percentage  increase  of  32  per  cent,  ^t  S.  = 1 the 

G 

the  minimum  9. = .423  (Sand  So*  1)  and  the  maximum  is  .533 

V + c 

(Sand  so*  0 and  36.)  This  indicates  a difference  in  strength 

of  3500  lb*  per  sq.  in.  to  6000  lb*  per  sq.  in*,  being  about 

71  per  cent  based  on  the  lowest  value.  At  £ = Sand  So.  1 

lias  a ° Q of  *304,  Sand  So*  0 and  36  haie  a ^ = *484.  The 

corresponding  probable  strengths  would  be  1500  lb*  per  sq.  in. 

and  4800  lb.  per  sq.  in.  respectively,  being  about  220  per  cent 

increase.  At  a = 3*6,  of  So.  1 is  found  to  be  .220, 

c V + c 


f 


* J 


y . > i V “ 


» , 


f 


U i- 


1 

1 


t /: 


t 


5; 


t: 


1 


69 


strength  = 710  Ih.  per  sq.  in,  Ho*  13,  — - — = .411,  strength  = 

V + c 

3E00  lb.  per  sq.  in.,  being  about  350  per  cent  increase.  At 

£ = 6.0,  c of  No.  It  is  equal  to  .178,  strength  = 430  lb. 

° V + c 

per  sq.  in.  c of  Uo.  13  is  equal  to  .33E,  strength  = 1950 
V + c 

lb.  per  sq.  in.,  being  an  increase  of  about  355  per  cent. 

Prom  the  above  it  is  seen  that  the  probable  strengths  of 
concretes  made  from  the  various  sands  considered  would  show  less 
variation  at  the  richer  mixes.  At  the  leaner  mixes  the  varia- 
tion in  strength  for  the  same  ratio  of  fine  aggregate  to  cement 
seems  to  be  greater  than  at  the  richer  mixes,  the  percentage 

variation  being  about  the  same  at  — =3.5  and  6. 

c 

In  general  for  the  range  of^=Sto  £=6,  the  --  - curve 

c c ’ V +c 

(see  curves  pages  64  and  65  ) approximates  a straight  line  for 

these  sands,  the  intercept  and  slope  of  the  curves  varying  with 
different  sands. 

19.  Discussion  of  Increased  Water  Content.-  The  exact 
effect  of  an  increased  water  content  of  a mortar  or  a concrete 
upon  its  strength  is  still  a mooted  question.  The  mere  presence 
of  additional  water  may  perhaps  affect  the  adhesion  or  grip  of 
the  cement  paste  upon  the  inert  aggregate.  It  seems  reasonably 
certain  that  the  loss  in  strength  will  be  at  least  equal  to  the 
loss  indicated  by  the  increase  in  voids.  In  other  words  with  an 
increased  water  content,  the  mortar  will  in  general  decrease  in 
density,  por  rather  dry  mixes  the  increase  in  voids  will  not 
usually  be  as  great  as  the  increase  in  relative  water  content. 

The  following  discussion  considers  only  the  loss  in  strength  that 
would  be  predicted  by  the  increase  in  voids  corresponding  to  an 


5 ° •'D*  • 


f 


71 


increase  in  water  content.  The  strength  of  concrete  at  1.4  w 

mo 

will  be  assumed  to  follow  tne  same  law  as  that  found  for  con- 
cretes made  at  basic  water  content  s = 27000  ( — - — )2.4. 

V + c 

Referring  to  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of  Sand  Ro*23 
given  on  page  70  , at  basic  water  content 


V + c 


is  equal  to 


.292  at  — = 3,5,  On  the  curves  just  below,  1,4  wwin.— - 
c mu»y  Q 

is  equal  to  ,259  at  an  ^ of  3.5,  From  the  curve  of  strength 


(page  66  ) 

S s=  1400  lb.  per  sq.  in.,. 
S = 1050  lb.  per  sq.  in., 


V + c 


. 292 
.=  .259 


V + c 

The  strength  of  concrete  made  from  these  respective  mortars 
might  be  expected  to  show  at  least  this  much  difference  in  strengt! 
Data  available  at  this  time  from  the  thesis  of  Mr.  Brown,  "The 
Relation  of  Water  Content  and  Consistency  of  Mix  to  the  Properties 
of  Concrete"  seem  to  indicate  that  with  an  increased  water  con- 
tent the  loss  in  strength  will  in  general  be  somewhat  greater  than 
that  indicated  above. 


Consider  a richer  mix,  say  E = 1 l/g 

c 


w 


mo 


1.4  w 


mo 


V + c 
.260  .432 


S 

3650 


V + c 
.243  .387 


S 

2750 


At  this  mix  the  strength  of  the  concrete  at  1.4  w^^  might 
be  expected  to  be  not  over  75  per  cent  of  the  strength  at  w^^q. 


1.,  i*-- 

K : 


V •;'■'*•,> *;:V t " 


;.L  ..  J 


>:  * 


^ V 


V 


■'  c .I  ■' 


5 . 


L>’’-  J 


V ..  u> 


J .f 


ittSuij 


72 


The  values  above  are  only  illustrative  and  are  not  offered 
as  a basis  of  comparison. 

It  is  quite  a common  practice  among  contractors  to  retain 
the  same  ratio  of  cement  to  fine  aggregate  even  after  additional 
water  has  been  added  to  secure  an  increased  mobility.  In  order 
to  offset  this  loss  in  strength,  a richer  mix  should  be  used  than 
was  being  used  at  the  drier  mixes. 

Even  though  it  should  later  be  foimd  that  there  is  an  equa- 
tion that  is  a more  exact  statement  of  the  governing  elements  of 
the  strength  of  concrete,  it  should  be  possible  to  predict  the 
effect  of  additional  water  by  methods  similar  to  the  one  given 
above. 

Design  of  a Concrete  Mix . - Up  to  the  present  time  the 
design  of  a concrete  mix  has  been  a more  or  less  arbitrary  matter. 
Roughly  the  methods  of  attack  commonly  used  may  be  divided  as 
follows; 

(1)  Arbitrary  selection  such  as  1:2;4,  1;3;6,  1;2  1^5, 
1:3:7,  etc,* 

(2)  Determination  of  voids  in  the  stone  and  in  the 
sand,  and  proportioning  of  materials  so  that  the  volume  of 
sand  is  equivalent  to  the  volume  of  voids  in  the  stone,  and 

the  volume  of  cement  slightly  in  excess  of  the  voids  in  the 
sand,* 

(3)  Pilling  the  voids  in  the  coarse  aggregate  with 
mortar.  Mortar  to  be  used  determined  by  test  or  judgment,* 

fay  lor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  Plain  and  Reiniorced’’ “ThlFd™" 
Edition,  page  176, 


(4)  Mixing  the  sand  and  stone  and  providing  such 


a proportion  of  cement  that  the  paste  will  slightly  more 
than  fill  the  voids** 

(6)  Making  trial  mixtures  of  dry  materials  in 
different  proportions  to  determine  the  mixture  giving 
the  smallest  percentage  of  voids,  and  then  adding  an 
arbitrary  percentage  of  cement,  or  else  one  based  on 
the  voids  in  the  mixed  aggregate** 

(6)  Mixing  the  aggregate  and  cement  according  to 
some  predetermined  mechanical  analysis  curve*  This 
method  is  usually  known  as  ”Puller*s  Method".* 

(7)  Making  volumetric  tests  or  trial  mixtures  of 
concrete  with  a given  percentage  of  cement  and  different 
aggregates,  and  selecting  the  mixture  producing  the 
smallest  volume  of  concrete;  then  varying  the  proportions 
thus  found,  by  inspection  of  the  concrete  in  the  field.* 

(8)  Fineness  modulus  and  water-cement  ratio*** 

(9)  Surf ace area.*** 

Within  recent  years  attention  has  been  given  to  the  scientific 
proportioning  of  the  materials  in  order  to  produce  an  economical 
concrete*  Once  the  laws  of  strength  have  been  determined,  the  next 


*Taylor  and  Thompson,  "Concrete  Plain  and  Reinforced".  Third 
Edition,  page  176*  * 

, Dosign  of  Concrete  Mixtures",  Bulletin  Mo*  1, Structural 
Research  Laboratory,  Lewis  Institute. 

Proceedings  American  Society  for  Testing  Materials.  1918 
Part  II,  page  E35,  1919,  part  II,  page  444.  * 


•■i 


V 


^4  f' .V.'-ii  y*-^.  i -.  -^-1  -i.  . ■■  - . . 

:u]-  •.  ^:0.: 

• ■ ..  « •:■  'S 

t ^ • • .. 

. ■ ■ «>S 


i'-ie^  S ' 


> 


1 ■;  ?!.  ^ 


V 

•\'  • i/  w''.T.c  ' j:>  ,.•' 

• ‘i'j\ 

(.1  >7<  ‘ > 

• ••  i I . ' ■ , I ! < ' V :•■  j 


a , I - 


.11 


:/r' 


/•  ■>  -A  : ' , : ' 

•V  "■■■:l'  '•■  /•  I, 


.'■i* 

■^ , ' i-' 


1 i ’ ■ 

v;^::9f74  ’ ■: 

4 

. ; .■■j  -JT.  t'  ■ . 
^oj-^n.  1-  • ' 


■ 


■LJ.A  f 5^' 


V : , ^ ^ 

■ ' !.'V' 

fl’.'-  -■■ 


A * /i!> 


b) 

•>  * 

l *■ 


i- 


'■'M 


■ 7<  B, 


4 


74 


logical  step  is  to  devise  methods  to  proportion  a concrete  to 
have  a certain  strength.  On  the  other  hand  for  laboratory 
study  it  is  often  advisable  to  eliminate  several  variables  in 
order  to  study  the  effect  of  remaining  variables.  It  is  thought 
that  the  Mortar  Voids  Analysis  furnishes  a method  to  proportion 
the  materials  of  a concrete  in  order  to  obtain  a certain  strength. 
The  analysis  was  also  found  very  useful  in  designing  the  test 
specimens  of  this  Series,  in  which  a certain  amount  of  cement 
and  coarse  aggregate  was  desired.  This  last  method  is  particu- 
larly adaptable  and  useful  for  comparative  tests  in  laboratory 
work. 

The  general  theory  and  notation  given  heretofore  will  be 
used  in  the  following  discussions.  The  curves  on  page  75  will 
be  referred  to  in  the  following  demonstrations,  ill  designs  will 
be  made  at  basic  water  content,  a rather  dry  but  workable  mix. 

The  physical  properties  of  the  materials  will  be  taken  from 
Table  E. 

Method  i Design  for  a Specified  Strength.-  Talbot*s 
Mortar  Voids  Method  of  inalysis  has  indicated  a new  method  of 
attacking  the  problem  of  design  of  a concrete  for  a certain 
desired  strength.  The  demonstration  here  given  is  based  upon  the 
theory  that  the  strength  of  a concrete  at  basic  water  content  is 
a function  of  the  cement-space  ratio.  This  function  will  be  taken 
as  S = 27000  ( — ^ 

Any  reasonable  value  of  _s  and  b may  be  chosen.  For  this 
demonstration  S = 2000  lb.  per  sq.  in  and  b = 0.35  have  been 


srbitrarily  chosen 


J- 


'.,  ,■-*‘1.’  ^ • 

A, 

'ip'^.  (v'uf  o,f ' 

•■  ' '’■»:  A^,.‘.»V 

. - , 

,.‘  ■ - V ‘ . '.*•_  \JU 

U7..'‘,  ..:^t.  .PJ  ,.  V., 

•■  ■ ■ ' > ••/; 

‘ric^Ar;..  , 

'V  , ,r  „ . ■ A ...  , . j 

« ,•.%//•]  .*,j 

\r 

'•I 

I 


:v  .-'''<  •‘•■‘•A. ;;^  .{J*?,(?4 


o;>  , ... 

■ . ..  ' T-  'V 

) : V..  c..  . ^.^■:  r.vv^-oo't-^'vr'  ^i.-  ;t5>'J>':' 

'«  ’ ■ s . r ' ' ' — - ' >>•!  .-j 

r-v  0.3“,  ‘ ','?  o;,;-  O.  €■■  .-e  ;\  ";f.!^;.(3i^lv■>-'’•^' 

V'-r-r'’"  ■•;,;■  • 


I :^.  j j *.  .,(j  w’ 
' t I- 


. /■  ■■  •'”=*■•  . •*,.:  J<-.  , ) i«jr»;-5>V  •?,7£  / ‘:-A  .'  :; .-/vj, «.• 


dfi'.  ;.''.>o-  .'•:>  • ' 

- ‘ ‘Jw-,  ' tivr-  . 

^y;,'^ % ’)C  o^'  ‘tti;  f.ii'' * y 


';  ■) ' 


f' ' '•  V ^ ■ •■  ^...  f 


>!*-■  ' .^:  '■  ■■  ■ A.  •7,  ‘.'  ■'  3V3Ji.r; 


V ^ 


1.*'  - I 


• ;:■  i ; ; -i  ;->-;o:tC‘J'e-<r..’'i 

,..;  'u^sjc  ;.•  c 

. ’^.  J £ ■ J.'  ' ■£  — V » ■ ■ 


.^,v  iaiiv 


,'■■5 


*'i 


■/i. 


■ . ' '-v.  ' V.. 

. ■ f lf.2l  .!.  ^ ^ V .0%:  ‘7  ' ■'•  V.  I A :■  ■.  ^ 

i>f-  •j:'„,'.':;c  ” ’.  5*.  .osfiA'^^ 

, . ■ ■ ' y .'.  Jfe  ■'*  . ' 


t:  St. ' ''X  X a Vi  a i r.‘-  I A;  t X >>?.i  • u 


■ ■'  .,  )ilv  1 ■ 

'■>  '‘./  'l.MrA- 


A.  '.'.  1 A>ij 

I ' . '•'■xy; 


/ , . 'Ar  ’ ,■■•  .,  . / ^ .. 

■ "‘■J.  ('  'v  4 r!'“' .'.  »4i)^  3ill5vpirl^7 

...  -ri'jv.j’  . 


,"V.SSr  ■■ . 'A'l' 


V .V  .'. 


T-.7.;rf  .»7^  ' .;-  Jwjiins  i’  V.  &trt-  'rttio^ 

^(*3?  .a-  iJ;  B 90 j . - .-.f  l;■^.^■^r|.•.•'  .'--^:>»^  "'’' f- J 

' ■ . >’’.V 

. ■ t-  U 

' • . 7/  ' ;A 

. , r .:•>  ^ . jf-' 


' P ^ V ■ 


■4W  ■■ 


( .1'-''  ■ 7 


:Vi-A  -/ 

,v;  , ..X 

i '..^.^  - 'A  It .-  A 


J \ v > ■ ' 

''■..i  J 

. !.»  . J i*3i; 


, ■ C /i  i-X  't  A>  X *>’ 


76 


The  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  for  Saud  Ho.  23  at  basic 

water  content  will  be  used.  The  v and  w,^  curves  are  found 

m in 

directly  from  the  original  data.  The  cement  curve  (c)  is 

plotted  from  the  equation  c = ^ giving  at  any  value 

^ + 1 

of  £ the  amount  of  cement  per-unit  volume  of  mortar.  The 
c 

— curve  is  plotted  by  combination  of  the  y_  and  c curves 

at  a particular  a. 

c 

Prom  the  curve  page  66  it  is  found  that  for  a 2000  lb. 
concrete,  - ^ = .339.  Referring  to  the  c curve  for 

Sand  Ro.  23  the  following  values  are  taken  from  the  curve. 

I =.2:70 
c = .178 
Wq2=!  . 236 

If  a value  of  b » 0.36  is  used,  the  quantities  per  unit  volume 


of  concrete  are 

c = f.l78)  (.66)  = .116 

a = (2.70)  (.116)=  .313 

b = .360 

.779 

Wg=  (.236)  (.66)  » .163 


Wqq=( .313 )(2.63)  (.0066)  = .006 
Wq^=(.360)  (2.71)  (.01)  = .010 


168 


77 


Designation 

Unit 
V 0 lume 

Specific  Gravity  Wt. 

Lb.  per  cu.  ft. 
Concrete 

a 

.313 

2.63 

51.4 

b 

.350 

2.71 

59.2 

c 

.116 

3.10 

22.4 

.779 

133.0 

.221 

^CX 

.168 

1.00 

10.5 

Total  Weights 

143.5 

Method  B.  Design  for  Laboratory  Use« The  following  method 
was  used  in  the  design  of  all  concrete  test  specimens  reported 
in  this  thesis.  Various  combinations  of  a,  b,  c,w^,  and  d^ 
could  be  made.  For  this  demonstration  let  c = 0.10,  b = 0.S5, 
and  = Iff  , all  calculations  to  be  based  on  one  cubic  foot 
of  freshly  placed  concrete. 

Referring  to  the  curves  on  page  76  the  curve  marked  Bulk 

Volume  of  Mortar  per  Unit  Volume  of  Concrete  is  plotted  from  the 

a 


equation  q*^  =( 


I =/ 1 + c 


,)  c.  Using  c = .10  this  becomes 


a 

o'  ) (0.10).  q'^  is  then  the  volume  of  the  mortar  at  any 


•■m 


containing  an  absolute  volume  of  cement  of  0.10.  If  a value  of 


b of  0.35  is  to  be  used,  go  out  along  the  dotted  line  marked 
b = 0.35  (obviously  b = (1  - to  its  intersection  with  the 

Bulk  Volume  of  Mortar  Curve,  jit  this  intersection 


OftD 


78 


f = 3.23 


C :=  0.100 

a = .323 

b = 0.350 


mo 

= .228 

w 

CO 

- .228 

(i-b)  = 

.228  (.65) 

= .148 

ca 

=(.323) 

(2.63) 

(.0065) 

= .006 

cb 

=(.350) 

(2.71) 

(.01) 

= .010 

w 

cx 

. 164 

Designation 

Unit 

Volume 

Specific 

Gravity 

I7t.  lb.  per  cu.  ft. 
Concrete 

a 

.323 

2.63 

53.0 

b 

.350 

2.71 

59.2 

c 

.100 

3.10 

19.3 

.773 

131.5 

.227 

^cx 

.164 

1.00 

10.2 

Total  Weights 

141.7 

Check  on  Voids 

■^m 

= .350 

= (l-b)v 
' m 

= (.65)  (.35)  = 

.227 

Probable  Strength 

c 

10  .10 

V + 

c ,227 

.10  .327 

S ^ 

= 1550  lb. 

sq.  in.,  from  curve  page  66  . 

i 


79 


SI,  Range  of  Usefulness  of  Fine  sands, - in  a great 
many  localities  fine  sands  are  available  but  their  use  as  a 
fine  aggregate  has  been  restricted  by  existing  building 
ordinances,  specifications,  and  codes.  The  Mortar  Voids 
Analysis  furnishes  a means  of  investigating  their  usefulness. 

The  following  discussion  will  be  made  for  Sand  Ho,  23  at 
basic  .vater  content.  Reference  will  also  be  made  to  the 
cement-space  ratio  at  • Sand  Mo,  23  was  a very  fine  sand 

from  Greenup,  Illinois,  and  in  general  a sand  finer  than  this 
would  not  be  available  for  concrete  purposes.  For  actual 
use  in  concrete  construction  a mix  somewhat  wetter  than  basic 
water  content  v;ould  be  required.  For  the  same  strength,  richer 
mixes  than  indicated  below  would  then  be  necessary. 

In  order  to  compare  the  amounts  of  cement  required  per 
volume  of  concrete  for  this  sand  and  for  Sand  Mo,  3 discussed 
in  the  following  topic,  a constant  value  of  b of  0.45  is  arbi- 
trarily chosen.  The  relative  amounts  of  cement  per  volume  of 
concrete  will  then  be  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  volumes  of 
cement  in  a unit  volume  of  the  respective  mortars. 

Concrete  having  a strength  of  2000  lb.  per  sq.  in  is  very 

often  specified.  From  the  strength  curve  (page  66)  —5 =.339, 

V + c 

when  S = 2000.  Referring  to  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of 

Sand  Mo.  23  on  page  80 

£ = 2.70,  when  - . Q * ,339 
c V + c 

c = .178,  when 


V + c 


339 


1 


aasasaaMiaaga 


IPEBSSIISS 

k^m 


1 

1 


5 

i 

-I 


I 


I 

'i* 

A' 

.% 

i' 

_ } 


9 


81 


BxiSIC  ’JATm  COIJTEBT 


s 

c 

a 

c in 

c in 

V + c 

c 

Mortar 

Concrete 

1000 

.253 

4.45 

.120 

.066 

2000 

.339 

2.70 

.178 

.098 

3000 

.400 

1.93 

.225 

.124 

4000 

.450 

1.28 

.280 

.154 

5000 

.493 

0.60 

.383 

.211 

The 

table  above 

indicates  the  ratio  ^ for 

c 

the  various 

strengths 

. ilssuming 

the 

cement 

to  weigh  94  lb. 

per  cu.  ft. , 

and  the  fine  aggregate  to 

weigh  100  lb.  per  cu. 

ft.  loose  the 

f ollo?;ing 

ratios  of  bulk 

volumes 

are  obtained: 

Bi^SIC 

COKITEI'IT 

S 

0 

Mix  of 

by  Bulk  Volume 

1000 

l;3i55 

2000 

1;2.15 

3000 

1:1.55 

4000 

1:1.02 

5000 

1:0.48 

Prom  the  use  of  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of 
Sand  Uo.  23  at  1.4  (see  curve  page  70  ) the  values 

given  below  v/ere  computed.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind  that 
at  wetter  mixes  c may  not  be  an  accurate  index  of  strength. 


V + c 


82 


1.4  BASIC  WATER 

o 

o 

s 

c 

V + c 

a 

c 

c 

in  Mortar 

c 

in  Concrete 

Mix  of  Mortar 
by  Bulk  Volume 

1000 

.253 

3.63 

.131 

.072 

1:2.90 

2000 

.339 

2,25 

.192 

.106 

1:1.80 

3000 

.400 

1.25 

.265 

.146 

1:1.00 

4000 

.450 

0.30 

.400 

.220 

1:0.24 

5000 

.493 

It  is  felt  that  a concrete  made  with  Sand  Eo,  23  would 

be  workable  at  a relative  water  content  considerably  less  than 

1*4  A mix  leaner  than  £ equal  tO  about  2.6  (1:2  by  bulk) 

c 

would  hardly  be  expected  to  give  a concrete  of  greater  strength 

than  about  2000  lb.  per  sq.  in.  A mix  with  an  — of  about  3.5 

c 

might  be  expected  to  give  a strength  of  something  slightly  over 
1000  lb.  per  sq.  in. 

It  is  seen  that  with  increased  water  content  for  the  same 
strength,  c would  have  to  be  increased.  This  amount  of  increase 
in  cement  would  probably  have  to  be  somewhat  greater  than  indi- 
cated from  a consideration  of  cement-space  ratio  above. 

Qualitatively,  at  least,  it  can  be  said  that  it  would  be 
possible  to  make  a concrete  from  the  Greenup  sand  to  give  a 
strength  of  2000  lb.  per  sq.  in.,  if  an  not  greater  than  about 
2.5  be  used. 

Sands  giving  voids  as  high  at  basic  water  content  as  did 
Sand  Uo.  1,  v/ould  require  for  2000  lb.  concrete  at  basic  water 
content  an|- not  greater  than  about  1,70  ( see  Characteristic 


85 


Mortar  Ciirves  for  Sand  Uo.  1). 

It  is  felt  that  this  method  will  he  of  yalue  in  determining 
the  possibility  of  using  fine  sands  in  concrete  of  a required 
strength. 

A comparison  of  the  quantities  of  cement  per  unit  volume  of 
concrete  for  Sands  ho.  E5  and  ho.  5 will  be  made  under  the 
following  discussion. 

2E.  Range  of  Usefulness  of  Coarse  Sands. - That  a sand  to 
be  used  as  fine  aggregate  for  concrete  shall  be  a coarse  sand 
is  a very  common  specification.  If  the  measurement  of  the  aggre  - 
gates  is  to  be  by  bulk  volume  this  specification  will  in  general 
insure  a better  concrete  than  would  be  obtained  by  the  use  of 
a fine  sand,  neglecting  adhesion  and  other  effects  and  consider- 
ing as  the  base  concrete  made  at  basic  water  content,  the  follow- 
ing discussion  indicates  the  possible  range  of  the  usefulness  of 
a coarse  sand.  Reference  will  be  made  to  the  Characteristic 
Mortar  Curves  of  Sand  ho.  5 given  on  page  80  . In  order  to  com- 
pare mixtures  of  the  mortar  made  by  bulk  volume  the  weight  per 


cu.  ft. 

of  loose 

Sand 

ho.  5 will  be 

taken  as  115 

lb.  per  cu.  ft 

SIC  W^TER  COhTEhT 

S 

c 

a 

c 

c 

Mix  of  Mortar 
by  Bulk  Volume 

V + c 

c 

in  Mortar 

in  Concrete 

1000 

.255 

2000 

.539 

4.05 

.141 

.078 

1:2.92 

3000 

.400 

2.80 

.187 

.105 

1:2.02 

4000 

.450 

1.90 

.245 

.135 

1:1.37 

84 


Referring  to  the  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of  Sand  Ro,  3 
at  1,4  on  page  123  : 


1.4 

B3SIC  7/^ TEH  CORTERT 

s 

c 

a 

c 

c 

Mix  of  Mortar 

V + c 

c 

in  Mortar 

in  Concrete 

by  Bulk  Volume 

1000 

.253 

5.00 

.111 

.061 

1:3.60 

2000 

.339 

2.80 

.174 

.096 

1:2.02 

3000 

.400 

1.40 

.254 

.140 

1:1.01 

4000 

.450 

0.60 

.352 

.193 

1:0.43 

5000  .493 


A concrete  made  v/ith  a sand  similar  to  Ro.  3 might  be 
expected  to  be  workable  at  a water  content  slightly  above 
A 2000  lb,  concrete  then  could  probably  be  made  with  this  sand 
with  an  betT?een  about  2.80  to  4.05,  say  3.50. 

Comparison  of  Fine  and  Coarse  Sand.  - Assuming  the  same 
workability,  neglecting  adhesion  and  other  effects,  and  using 
an  e(iual  amount  of  b per  unit  volume  (b  = .45)  the  following 
comparison  is  made: 


B^SIC  CORTSRT 


RO. 

23 

RO.  3 

°23 

S 

_a 

c 

c 

in  Concrete 

a 

c 

c 

in  Concrete 

"3 

looo 

4.45 

.066 

2000 

2.70 

.098 

4.05 

.078 

1.26 

3000 

1.93 

.124 

2.80 

.103 

1.20 

4000 

1.28 

.154 

1.90 

.135 

1.14 

5000 

0.60 

.211 

1.18 

.172 

1.23 

85 


1.4  BiSIC 

l7iTER 

o 

o 

s 

HO.  23 

HO.  3 

^23 

a 

c 

c 

in  Concrete 

a 

c 

c 

in  Concrete 

^3 

1000 

3.63 

.072 

5.00 

.061 

1.18 

2000 

2.25 

.106 

2.80 

.096 

1.11 

3000 

1.23 

.146 

1.40 

.140 

1.04 

4000 

0.30 

.220 

0.60 

.193 

1.14 

5000 

Prom 

the  a 

bove  it  would 

appear 

that  a 2000  lb. 

concrete 

could  "be  made  with  Sand  iio.  E3  with  about  15  to  20  per  cent  more 
cement  than  would  be  required  with  Sand  Ho.  3.  This  would  not 
be  considered  excessive  under  certain  conditions  as;  (1)  fine 
sand  available  at  reduced  cost,  (2)  proximity  to  cement  mill, 

(3)  coarse  sand  obtainable  only  at  high  cost,  (4)  necessity 
for  speed  requiring  the  use  of  local  materials. 

23.  Effect  of  amount  of  Coarse  Material.-  Using  the 
same  mortar  as  additional  coarse  material  is  added  to  the  mix, 
in  general  the  cost  of  the  concrete  will  be  reduced.  The 
principal  advantage  of  a well  graded  coarse  aggregate  when 
viewed  from  the  standpoint  of  the  Mortar  Voids  analysis  is 
that  for  the  same  workability,  more  coarse  material  can  be 
used  than  would  be  possible  with  a poorer  gradation  of  coarse 
material.  The  fact  that  additional  water  will  in  general  be 

needed  to  produce  the  same  workability  should  be  borne  in 
mind  when  determining  the  amount  of  coarse  material  to  be  used. 
The  tests  recently  conducted  under  the  direction  of  Professor 


1 


Talbot  have  indicated  the  dependence  of  mobility  upon  the 
amount  of  coarse  material  used.  It  seems  reasonably  safe 
to  draw  the  conclusion  that  additional  coarse  material  does 
not  necessarily  indicate  an  increase  in  strength.  If  additional 
water  is  re(iuired  to  produce  a workable  mix  at  the  higher  values 
of  b,  then  the  strength  may  even  be  reduced  , due  to  (1)  decreas- 
ed density  of  the  mortar,  (E)  possible  reduction  in  the  adhe- 
sibility  of  the  paste. 

If  the  same  v;orkability  is  assumed,  these  tests  indicate 
that  for  concretes  made  with  or  near  basic  water  content,  the 
amount  of  c ( in  the  concrete)  required  for  the  same  strength 
decreases  as  b increases.  This  can  be  readily  seen  from  an 
examination  of  the  equation  c (in  concrete)  = (1-b)  (c  in  mortar )i 
In  the  discussion  of  the  Design  of  a Concrete  Mix,  for  a EOOO  lb 
concrete  made  with  Sand  Ho.  E3  at  basic  water  content  it  was 
found  that  the  mortar  must  have  c = .178.  For  various  values 
of  b the  cement  per  unit  volume  of  concrete  would  be: 


b 

c 

concrete 

0 

.178 

26 

.134 

35 

.116 

45 

.098 

50 

.089 

87 


I? 


i\ssuming  the  mix  to  be  workable  at  b = .50,  the  saving  in 
cement  would  be  50  per  cent. 

Maximum  Amount  of  Coarse  Materials.-  There  is  a distinct 
need  for  further  investigation  to  show  the  relation  between 
mobility  with  an  increasing  b and  the  mortar  content  therein. 

It  is  usually  considered  advisable  to  have  no  voids  in  the 
coarse  aggregate  that  are  not  filled  v/ith  the  mortar,  even  thoug] 
such  a concrete  may  have  qaite  a high  strength.  In  general 
other  requirements  and  conditions  would  prohibit  the  use  of  such 
a concrete.  Certainly  the  Mortar  Voids  Method  of  inalysis 
would  not  be  applicable  to  such  concretes,  even  though  the  cemenl 
space  ratio  might  be  indicative  of  the  strength. 

The  results  of  these  tests  do  not  furnish  sufficient  data 

to  discuss  quantitatively  the  maximum  amount  of  coarse  material 

which  may  be  placed  in  concrete.  In  these  tests  it  was  found 

that  for  practically  all  the  sands  b of  .45  at  w could  be 

mo 

used.  It  should  be  borne  in  mind,  ho’wever,  that  the  coarse 
aggregate  used  was  of  poor  gradation,  and  that  some  of  the 
sands  required  consiierable  tamping  and  rodding  when  filling 
the  mold.  With  an  increased  water  content  doubtless  additional 
b could  be  used,  but  a decrease  in  the  strength  would  be  predict- 
ed. 

If  the  voids  in  the  coarse  aggregate  are  just  filled  with 
mortar,  then  the  bulk  volume  of  coarse  aggregate  will  be  equal 
to  the  volume  of  concrete.  Due  to  the  wedging  action  of  the 
mortar  between  the  coarse  aggregate  particles  the  maximum  bulk 
volume  of  coarse  aggregate  which  can  be  used  will  be  somewhat 


88 


less  than  the  volume  of  concrete.  In  the  paper  of  Professor 
Talbot  mentioned  heretofore  he  estimates  the  bulk  volume  of 
coarse  aggregate  that  could  be  used  to  be  about  90  per  cent 
of  the  volume  of  concrete.  Jidditional  data  are  needed  before 
definite  conclusions  on  this  point  can  be  drav/n. 

24.  Greneral  Discussion  of  the  Mortar  Voids  Method  of 
jlnalysis. - is  pointed  out  heretofore  concretes  may  be  designed 
from  a consideration  of  the  mortar  voids  tests,  it  least  it 
is  possible  and  practicable  to  design  a concrete  for  any  reason- 
able value  oi  a,  b,  c,  d,  and  and  combinations  thereof. 

If  the  above  quantities  can  be  predetermined,  then  there  are 
various  methods  of  estimating  the  strength.  It  is  probable 
that  near  basic  water  content  the  strength  may  be  expressed  by 
an  equation  of  the  form  S = constant  ( — - — )^.  it  hi^er 
relative  water  contents  it  may  be  found  necessary  to  introduce 
a new  relation.  The  mortar  voids  test  can  be  quickly  made  and  after 
makir^a  few  concrete  test  specimens  the  desired  water  content 
could  be  determined.  It  would  then  be  possible  to  design  for 
certain  fixed  ratios  of  materials  in  finished  concrete. 

Quantities  of  Materials.-  In  the  Report  of  the  Committee 
on  Research  at  the  1921  Convention  of  the  imerican  Concrete 
Institute,  Item  2 of  "Some  Things  to  be  Learned  about  Concrete" 
may  be  found  the  statement  that  collection  and  correlation  o£ 
data  to  show  quantity  of  set  concrete  which  can  be  made  from 
given  amounts  of  different  aggregates  is  needed.  It  is  thought 
that  the  mortar  voids  method  of  analysis  will  provide  for  this 


89 


need.  Prom  this  analysis  it  is  possible  to  determine  the  hulk 
of  a given  mortar  at  a given  water  content.  The  hulk  of  the 
concrete  when  freshly  placed  if  there  are  no  voids  not  filled 
with  mortar  will  then  he  approximately  the  sum  of  the  hulk 
volume  of  the  mortar  and  the  absolute  volume  of  the  coarse 
aggregate.  It  would  be  necessary  to  provide  additional  material 
to  compensate  for  the  reduction  in  volume  due  to  setting, 
evaporation,  and  shrinkage. 

issume  that  the  concrete  is  to  have  an  ^ of  3,  c = .10, 

w 

and  that  at  the  relative  water  content  to  he  used  d^^  = .70 
0 = .10  , |-  = 0 
a = 3c  = ,30 
a -t-  c .10  + ,30  .40 

a + c ^ T 

j"  - ■ + h 5S  1 

h = 1 -.57  = .43 

Therefore  in  one  cubic  foot  of  freshly  placed  concrete  at 
the  desired  water  content,  a,c,  and  h would  he  known.  These 
quantities  for  practical  use  can  he  easily  converted  to  weights 
of  the  particular  materials.  If  desired  the  weights  could  he 
transformed  to  hulk  volumes. 

Consideration  should  he  given  to  the  fact  that  the  conditicn 
of  the  mortar  voids  tests  and  of  the  mixing  of  the  concrete  will 
he  different.  This  fact  could  he  taken  account  of  by  using  a 
value  slightly  different  from  unity  in  the  equation^— + -fa  ~ q 
If  it  is  found  that  the  voids  in  the  concrete  are  generally  high- 
er than  the  voids  found  by  the  equation  v = (Q  + Q ) v the 

0 di^  m 

equation  above  could  he  written  as  a + c + h=.98-.99  etc. 




•> 

J . 


s 


1 

'■..Jv'  y 


90 


as  was  necessary.  Similarly  if  the  conditions  of  test  were 
such  as  to  produce  in  general  a denser  concrete  than  would  be 
expected  from  the  mortar  data,  the  equation  could  be  wtitten 
as  — + b = 1.01,  l.OE,  etc.  as  the  conditions  of  the  test 

might  demand. 

Fine  Material  in  the  Coarse  Aggregate. ~ In  the  application 
of  Professor  Talbot*s  M.ortar  Voids  Method  of  Analysis  the 
limitation  must  be  imposed  that  whatever  fine  material  is  pre- 
sent in  the  coarse  aggregate  must  be  included  in  the  fine  aggre- 
gate as  such.  An  examination  of  the  specifications  for  concrete 
of  a number  of  state  Highway  Departments  has  sho\m  that  there  is 
a marked  tendency  to  permit  the  use  of  a coarse  aggregate  having 
5 to  15  per  cent  passing  the  l/4  inch  screen.  In  applying 
Talbot’s  Analysis  to  a concrete  made  from  such  a coarse  aggregate 
it  would  be  necessary  to  include  the  fine  material  in  the  coarse 
aggregate  with  the  sand  or  other  fine  aggregate  used  in  making  the 
mortar  voids  tests. 

Basic  Water  Content  and  Point  of  Minimum  Volume.-  All  of 
the  sands  studied  had  a reasonably  well  defined  point  of  minimum 
volume.  For  the  sands  in  general  this  point  appeared  to  be 
more  pronounced  at  the  richer  mixes.  At  the  lean  mixes  the 
curves  plotted  with  volume  of  water  per  unit  volume  of  mortar  as 
abscissa  and  voids  as  ordinates  are  in  general  flat  in  the  region 
of  low  voids. This  makes  the  determination  of  water  content  more 
difficult.  Th©  voids  at  the  point  of  minimum  volume  are  in  ^rmsl 
better  defined  than  the  corresponding  water  content. 

It  appears  that  further  experiments  are  needed  to  devise 


91 


methods  that  will  give  a more  accurate  determination  of  basic 
water  content.  A study  of  the  phenomena  of  these  tests  indicates 
that  the  water  in  the  mortar  at  the  higher  water  contents  is 
more  than  the  calculated  voids.  This  apparent  discrepancy  may  he 
due  to  absorption,  evaporation,  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  specific 
gravity  to  use,  or  need  of  more  accurate  methods. 

E6.  Conclusions. ~ From  the  study  of  the  tests  reported 
herein  the  following  conclusions  are  thought  to  be  justified: 

(1)  Basic  water  content  furnishes  a convenient  iiase  for 
the  comparison  of  the  water  contents  of  mortars. 

(2)  The  relative  water  content  of  a concrete  can  be  con- 
veniently expressed  by  the  relative  water  content  of  the  mortar 
therein. 

(3)  At  or  near  basic  water  content  the  strength  of  concrete 

at  28  days,  cured  under  the  same  conditions  as  this  series,  can 

be  expressed  by  an  equation  S = constant  ( — 5 

V + c 

(4)  Talbot *s  Mortar  Voids  Method  of  Analysis  can  advantage- 
ly  be  used  to  proportion  a concrete  for  certain  desired  combina- 
tions of  a,  b,  c,  d,  and  w . 

(5)  The  Mortar  Voids  Method  of  Analysis  furnishes  a 
satisfactory  basis  for  determining  the  range  of  usefulness  of 
sands  to  be  used  as  fine  aggregates  in  cnncrete. 

(6)  Concretes  of  a specified  strength  can  be  designed 
by  the  use  of  the  Mortar  Voids  Method  of  Analysis. 

(7)  This  analysis  can  be  used  to  determine  the  quantities 
of  materials  required  for  a given  volume  of  concrete. 

(8)  The  Characteristic  Mortar  Curves  of  various  sands  m^y 
be  expected  to  be  quite  different. 


- lY  - 

TABLES,  CURVES,  BliiGRiMS ,ilID  PHOTOGRIPHS 


. 


TiBIiES,  CURVES,  DLAGR^MS,iI©  PHOTO GRiF'dS 


92 

TiiBLE  4 

PERCEHTiGE  OP 

VOIDS 

IH  MORTAR 

PiLDEL  \nm 

WATER 

BA  210  \W2BB 

COHTEHT 

sand 

a 

c 

sand 

a 

c 

Ko. 

1 

E 

3 

4 

6 

HO. 

2 



4 



0 

87.3 

88.5 

77.8 

67.1 

61.6 

15 

91.6 

94.5 

90.8 

83.3 

74.5 

1 

8E.6 

80.5 

77.8 

76.7 

77.0 

16 

87.3 

89.5 

81.7 

78.5 

77.4 

E 

91.7 

94.8 

97.1 

99.2 

100.0 

17 

79.5 

74.4 

69.0 

65.1 

60.8 

2 

96.7 

98.0 

94.7 

87.1 

78.7 

18 

88.7 

91.6 

86.0 

80.4 

74.6 

4 

90.6 

90.6 

91.3 

9E.8 

95.0 

19 

84.0 

82.2 

81.3 

81.1 

82.0 

5 

86.6 

78.5 

70.8 

64.1 

61.7 

EO 

86,5 

86.3 

86.8 

85.7 

83.7 

6 

86.7 

87.6 

84.0 

81. E 

78.5 

21 

89.8 

86.4 

80.3 

74.2 

66.9 

7 

96.7 

98.0 

89.4 

79.6 

67.8 

22 

88.8 

88.8 

86.3 

84.8 

84.0 

8 

79.1 

73.0 

67. S 

61.7 

58.5 

23 

87.0 

76.1 

66.7 

65.2 

71.5 

9 

97.1 

lOO.O 

85.0 

70.0 

59.8 

24 

96.3 

88 . 6 

78.9 

81.3 

92.5 

10 

80.4 

74.0 

70.5 

68.1 

67.0 

26 

11 

89.  E 

93.0 

94. S 

9E.6 

90.2 

31 

91.8 

89.0 

82.2 

77.5 

74.0 

IE 

98.6 

97.4 

96.4 

94.0 

92. 6 

32 

82.6 

75.6 

69.3 

66.0 

63.7 

15 

79.8 

87.1 

86.6 

81.8 

74.3 

36 

87.0 

85.0 

77.8 

72.7 

68.7 

14 

77.6 

86.0 

81.8 

74.3 

66.2 

Ay* 

88.0 

88.5 

84.3 

79.4 

75.2 

Ay. 

87.7 

85.2 

79.8 

76.6 

74.9 

1. 

E B/iSIC  WiiTER  COHTEHT 

1.4  BASIC  V/ATER  COHTEHT 

Sand 

a 

c 

sand 

a 

c 

HO 

1 

E 

3 

'4 

5 

Ho. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

— 5 

0 

95.8 

88.1 

79. S 

74.5 

71.2 

0 

103.6 

98.6 

90.0 

81.8 

77,0 

1 

95. S 

95.1 

9E.8 

90.8 

88.7 

1 

102.3 

104.5 

103.5 

101.3 

98.3 

E 

lOS.l 

103.  S 

104.7 

103.2 

100.0 

2 

106.8 

108.9 

105.5 

104.3 

102.8 

5 

105.  E 

104.  S 

100.0 

95.5 

90.0 

3 

109.0 

111.5 

108.8 

102.3 

94.5 

5 

98.8 

89.6 

81.8 

76.0 

71.3 

6 

106.0 

98.8 

91.1 

84.6 

80.0 

6 

96.5 

95.5 

94.4 

93.4 

92. E 

6 

104.8 

102.0 

100.0 

97.8 

96.0 

7 

104.  E 

100.0 

g 3.4 

85.3 

75.0 

7 

108.2 

104.2 

94.3 

88,4 

85.6 

i 8 

90.0 

81.4 

76. E 

72.0 

68.9 

8 

99.0 

90.0 

84.8 

80.8 

76.7 

11 

100.0 

100.5 

100.0 

97.8 

95.3 

11 

106.0 

106.2 

102. 

8101.4 

102.8 

i 16 

98.6 

93.8 

89.8 

89.7 

90.2 

16 

104.5 

101.2 

96. 

8 94.8 

96.8 

: 18 

98.5 

96.6 

90.1 

86.8 

82.9 

18 

107.0 

102.8 

96. 

0 91.0 

88.4 

; 19 

95.5 

9E.6 

90.3 

90.5 

92.2 

19 

104.6 

100.0 

100. 

ODO.O 

100.0 

El 

101.0 

93.7 

88.3 

83.8 

79.0 

21 

109.3 

102.8 

97. 

5 90.9 

86.8 

E3 

97.4 

87.7 

76.2 

74.9 

79.9 

23 

105.5 

96.6 

84. 

5 81.6 

89.0 

E4 

104.8 

97.8 

88.6 

85.3 

lOE.O 

24 

108.8 

104.3 

97. 

0 93.4 

109.8 

Ay. 

98.8 

94.6 

89.7 

86.6 

85. E 

Ay. 

105.6 

102.1 

96. 

8 93.0 

92.3 

.L'*  * 


93 


TiBLE  5 

VOIDS  in  MORTi^H  EXPRESSED  A3  PERCENTAGE 
OF  VOIDS  AT  BASIC  WATER  CONTENT 


1.2 

BASIC  WATER 

CONTENT 

1.4 

BASIC 

¥fATER 

o 

o 

Sand 

a 

c 

Sand 

a 

c 

no. 

1 

2 

3 

4 

'5 

NO. 

1 

2 

3 

5“ 

0 

109.5 

120.5 

117.8 

108.0 

103.8 

0 

118.0 

125 . 8 

121.0 

115.0  H2  0 

1 

106.2 

lOi.3 

100.5 

101.3 

104.1 

1 

113.0 

107.8 

105.2 

106.0  1D9. 6 

2 

107.8 

110.1 

111.3 

115.3 

120.0 

2 

120.4 

101.8 

128.8 

133.2  326.1 

3 

110.2 

112.8 

113.6 

109.4 

104.9 

3 

124.1 

123.0 

122.0 

119.2  31^5 

5 

105.1 

105.2 

103.7 

101.1 

103.8 

5 

114.3 

111.2 

108.7 

106.2  307.9 

6 

107.7 

109.8 

106.7 

104.3 

102.1 

6 

115.8 

120.0 

117.5 

116.1IL4.5 

7 

110.2 

117.5 

114.8 

111.8 

108.4 

7 

123.8 

132.6 

132 . 6 

126.0  HEO 

8 

105.3 

107.5 

105.8 

102.8 

101.8 

8 

111.8 

113.4 

110.9 

106.8  306.8 

n 

106.9 

111.0 

112.9 

113.5 

113.5 

11 

118.8 

122.5 

128.2 

127.8  122.9 

, 16 

106.2 

114.4 

109.2 

105.0 

102.8 

16 

116.8 

123.9 

119.4 

115.8  311.8 

18 

108 . 0 

113.8 

114.5 

111.1 

107.8 

18 

116.0 

124.8 

125.4 

123 . 7 118. 1 

19 

105.4 

106.4 

107.9 

107.5 

106.7 

19 

112.4 

115.0 

113.7 

113.5  314.8 

21 

106 . 6 

110.5 

109.1 

106.2 

101.5 

21 

115.0 

117.7 

115.2 

114.3  307.8 

23 

107.1 

104.0 

105.0 

104.4 

107.3 

23 

115.4 

110.4 

110.5 

111.8  312,4 

24 

110.0 

108.6 

106.8 

114.4 

108.8 

24 

123.8 

118.9 

113.8 

121.7  318.0 

Av. 

107.5 

110.2 

109.3 

107.7 

106.5 

Ay 

.117.3 

119.2 

118.2 

117.11147 

V 


„ , *v. 


.['A 

} 

• ' ' y ' ' 

.'*U;  ^ • I 

( 

' . < 


, ■ ■ '•> 


94 

TiiBLE  6 

DA’HA  OF  iiDHESIOM  TESTS 
MORTiR  TEST  SPECIl^RS 


Natural  Sands 

Artificially  Graded  Sands 

Cyl.  c V w V 

Eo.  c 

0 S Cyl.  c V V c S 

V + c Ro.  c v'+c 

AO  .209  .268  .225 
.168  .413  .362 
AZ  .205  .281  .270 
AZ  .202  .292  .270 
A4  .211  .260  .230 
A5  .190  .337  .271 
A6  .196  .314  .277 
A7  .202  .292  .273 
A8  .183  .359  .253 
A9  .211  .262  .249 
AlO  .180  .370  .297 
^11  .203  .291  .285 
A12  .205  .280  .260 
A13  .214  .249  .228 
A14  .186  .347  .274 
A15  .202  .293  .292 
A16  .181  .368  .316 
A17  .186  .349  .258 
A18  .203  .289  .265 
A19  .208  .272  .246 
A20  .203  .289  .256 
A21  .210  .262  .241 
A22  .207  .276  .262 
A23  .188  .341  .237 
A24  .207  .275  .265 


1.282 

2.455 

1.370 

1.445 

1.232 

1.772 

1.602 

1.445 

1.961 

1.241 

2.054 

1.433 

1.365 

1.163 

1.865 

1.450 

2.032 

1.875 

1.423 

1.307 

1.423 

1.247 

1.333 

1.812 

1.328 


.438 

2320 

DO 

• 289 

1210 

Dl 

.422 

3555 

D2 

.409 

3210 

D3 

.448 

2885 

D4 

.361 

1570 

D5 

.384 

3675 

D6 

.409 

2795 

D7 

.338 

1450 

D8 

.446 

4100 

D9 

.327 

1147 

DIO 

.411 

3110 

Dll 

.423 

3610 

D12 

.462 

3295 

D13 

.349 

1315 

D14 

.408 

2525 

D15 

.330 

1265 

D16 

.348 

1420 

D17 

.413 

3575 

D18 

.433 

2625 

D19 

.413 

2750 

D20 

.445 

2700 

D21 

.428 

3140 

D22 

.3  56 

1400 

D23 

.429 

2995 

D24 

.209  .268  .225 
.173  .394  .373 
.206  .277  .273 
.200  .299  .267 
.202  .290  .220 
.183  .357  .262 
.199  .304  .280 
.207  .274  .279 
.177  .380  .289 
.214  .258  .253 
.179  .375  .289 
.205  .283  .287 
.207  .274  .263 
.208  .272  .234 
.189  .338  .277 
.201  .296  .290 
.188  .341  .338 
.176  .385  .244 
.206  .279  .268 
.203  .289  .240 
.203  .289  .256 
.209  .266  .239 
.207  .276  .258 
.193  .325  .247 
.207  .274  .266 


1.282 

2.275 

1.344 

1.495 

1.435 

1.950 

1.527 

1.323 

2.146 

1.205 

2.093 

1.380 

1.323 

1.307 

1.788 

1.472 

1.814 

2.187 

1.354 

1.423 

1.423 

1.272 

1.333 

1.683 

1.323 


.4382355 

.3051650 

.4263876 


.400 

.410 

.339 


2840 

2390 

1550 


.3963338 
.4302892 
.3181655 
.4533133 
.3231575 
.4202648 
.4303370 
.4333480 
.359 1780 
.405 2390 


.355 

.314 

.425 

.413 


1870 

1086 

^035 

2735 


.4133163 

.4403328 

.4282858 

.3721502 

.4303523 


. 


f 


95 

£>  o o p 

o to  O-  £> 

C-  t-  O 00 

1 — 1 I 1 02  1 — 1 

CO  CD 

CD 

CO 

lo  o m Lo 

l>  I>  O 

0>  O (T> 

02  02  02  02 

P rH 

rH 

iH 

ol  o 

& 1 

to  to  to  to 

P P P P 

02  02  to  02 

02  02  CV2  02 

fH  rH 

rH 

p 

■P  E5 

o 0>  ^ <M 

CO  P to  00 

02  to  m o~ 

t>-  to  tjH 

02  in 

02 

to 

Jh  ?4  o 
0 (D  H 

O P P P 

O P o o 

P o o o 

p H 02  H 

o o 

O 

o 

pop 

p p p p 

p p p p 

p p p p 

rH  P P P 

rH  iH 

P 

p 

O to  H 0> 

rH  o-  02  O- 

o o 

o 

o 

p P O 

O O ^ 00 

j>-  H to  in 

C7»  in  tn  02 

o to 

00 

00 

CO 

H lO  H 

00  00  o 00 

O-  02  02  £> 

02  02  P 02 

£>  CO 

t> 

LO 

P P 02  p 

to  to  £>-  to 

p p p p 

to  to 

to 

to 

Rr 

tQ  COi  00  P 

02  p n}< 

CO  02  to  cr> 

P P02. 

P 02 

o 

o|  S> 

00  O £>- 

to  02  to 

tJH  o to  02 

CV2 1>-  tn 

p to 

to 

to 

^ 1 

!>.  l>  00  C~ 

00  00  00  00 

C-  00  CO  00 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

1 

O C7^ 

CJ^ 

o 

t~  O P CT> 

02  to  02  CN2 

CO  P 02  O 

o to  1 — i 1 — 1 

0^  p 

rH 

p 

. s 

CJ»  O O 

O O O O 

a»  o o o 

o o o o 

o o 

o 

O 

O P P P 

O P P o 

P P P P 

p p p p 

p p 

rH 

rH 

i>  in  cr>  '<^1 

m H m £> 

CO  c3^  in  i>- 

to  to  C7>  O 

in  o 

o 

02 

a 

02  tn  tn  to 

m tD  m in 

02  to  tQ 

tfi  in  til  m 

£> 

c- 

to  tO)  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

tcj  to  to  t<j 

to  to  to  tPi 

02  02 

02 

02 

o 

O lO  lO  o 

o>  CJ>  CJ>  o> 

to  to  to  to 

tO  to  to  to 

CO  CO 

CO 

00 

a 

to  to  to  to 

'vH 

to  to  to  to 

•tH  'ti*  til  si’i 

to  to 

to 

to 

IF. 

CO 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  tcj  to 

to  to  to  to 

cv2  02 

02 

02 

0 

Pi 

M 

£>- 

P t0  P 02 

(X2  in  o-  in 

in  (j»  to 

CO  o 

to 

t- 

o 

(X2  02  P P 

C3^  CT>  CT> 

CJ^  C7>  cr>  cr> 

to  to  to  to 

CO  CO 

CO 

00 

o 

Ph 

CO 

02  P P W 

P P P P 

p p p p 

02  02  CV2  02 

p p 

rH 

rH 

'1  ^ 

CO 

• 

to  ^ 00  m 

t>  00  £> 

00  rH  to  p 

tfi  CO  in  to 

CD  to 

to 

p 

P 

f-  p P P P 

I>  £>  C-  O- 

C»  00  CO  CO 

02  02  02  02 

I>  £>• 

?> 

O' 

EH 

CO 

9 

02  P P P 

rH  P P P 

p p p p 

02  02  02  02 

P P 

p 

p 

W 

EH 

CO 

i ^ 

to  cr>  (j> 

00  00  C\2 

P 02  00  o 

O'^  P lO 
03  I>  £> 

Ct2  P 

02 

00 

r 

w 

p 

ol  + 

c-  £>  CD  C- 

p 02  P 02 

O P rH  P 

to  tjl 

ti' 

■ti* 

hq 

& 

ll> 

p p p p 

to  to  to  to 

02  c\2  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

•vH  ^ 

•til 

PQ 

EH 

< 

p 

EH 

K 

EH 

cr>  t>  o in 

O 

•=^ 

in  o o>  in 

O O O O 

CV2  02  02  0> 

in  00 

rH 

rH 

1—^ 

p 

!>l  o 

CO  O 02  o 

to  in  m H 

to  o cji  in 

O to  00  to 

to  to 

to 

to 

{. 

O 

J>-  lO  >5^1  tO 

POPP 

o j>  in  t> 

o in  to  to 

P 02 

02 

02 

1 

' 

- 

o 

02  02  02  02 

to  to  to  to 

02  02  02  02 

rH  r-l 

rH 

rH 

Pm 

\ 

Vw> 

Q>  J>  lO  I> 

(3^  CO  in  -tti 

02  O 0>  £> 

o m to  0^ 

00  CO 

02 

to 

<5^ 

oll> 

O P P P 

to  00  to 

m c-  o-  to 

E>  CJ^  E> 

m 00 

CJ^ 

rH 

EH 

02  02  02  P 

^ ^ 'sH 

02  02  02  02 

to  to  to  tc J 

CO  o 

o- 

00 

<i5 

P 

VO  O 00 

to  i>-  m cv2 

00  to  CO 

to  P P 00 

to  cr> 

CO 

s 

> 

CO  o i> 

POPP 

to  02  rH  02 

t-  to  J>-  to 

J>  00 

CO 

02  02  P W 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

rH  rH 

rH 

rH 

O O P O 

O P O O 

O P P P 

P to  P 02 

P CJ> 

cr> 

o 

o 

to  vD  vO  vO 

o o o o 

to  to  to  to 

O O O O 

in  ^ 

'tH 

in 

o o O O 

p p p p 

o o o o 

P rH  P P 

rH  rH 

rH 

rH 

CO  to 

02  to  H to 

£>  "sh  C7>  to 

to  in  to 

to  I> 

00 

Cr^ 

p 

r;ji  in  in  m 

o o o o 

in  to  to  to 

in  in  m m 

in  ^ 

to  to  to  to 

in  in  m m 

'ti<  'tjt 

to  t<2  to  to 

to  to 

to 

tCJ 

in  o w P 

in  to  in 

m c7»  p CO 

to  o tci  tji 

o in 

in 

to 

cj 

O H P o 

00  00  00  CO 

>!:j<  "vft  m 

0-  £>  o 

CV2  H 

rH 

rH 

to  to  to  to 

p P P p 

Cv2  02  CQ  02 

02  02  02  02 

to  tfi 

tCi 

to 

P|o 

02  02  02 

a>  (ji 

O O O 

rH  rH 

rH 

p p p 

CO  CO  00 

o o o 

£>  E> 

p p 

p 

• • • 

• • • 

• # • 

• • • 

• • 

• 

in  m m 

Pi — 1 1 — 1 

*sH  •tJH  til 

02  02  02 

02  02 

02 

• • 

o o . 

P PQ  O • 

CV2  PQ  O • 

to  PQ  O . 

O PQ 

o 

• 

H o 

in  > 

m > 

in  |> 

in  >- 

> 

^ < 

l2i 

< 

O 

r-j 

p 

p 

iH 

02 

( 


1 

I 

I 

J 


I 


I 


C 


I ■ 
} 


r 


96 

£>  t-  lO  UD 

CO  t-  to  t> 

CC2  02  02 

o o o o 

O 02 

CO  02  'tjt  to 

1- 

o|  o 

O O O O 

O I>  C-  0- 

CCJ  -tJC  to 

to  tO  to  to 

0>  <D  O (Ti 

to  CO  Cf  J CO 

^ 1 

iH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H 02  02  H 

02  02  02  02 

O rH  rH  H 

lO  lO  00  C7> 

C3>  O to  rH 

lO  CT>  to  O 

to  -tj!  CT»  cr> 

to  02  0>  02 

o 

0 0 H 

O O O O 

O O H O 

O rH  rH  rH 

02  rH  rH  02 

O H O O 

to  02  O 02 

PH  o Pq 

rH  iH  rH  H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

W o O t> 

02  CT>  I>-  to 

O rH  02  rH 

02  02  to  CO 

O CD  CO 

to  I>-  to  o 

CO 

O lO  CO  to 

00  to  O C- 

rH  CT>  O O 

0.2  00  CO 

0>  rH  02  O' 

O CD  CO 

rH  C\J  O O 

to  rH  O rH 

O to  O 

O rH  O-  cr» 

rH  02  rH  rH 

CO  cr>  00  CO 

to  ^ 

02  02  02  02 

CO  02  02  02 

02  02  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

0>  H vD  LO 

lO  l>  CJ^  c> 

to  O CT>  CO 

rH  CV2  to  Cr> 

rH  rH  to  0^ 

02  ^ rH  <T> 

si"- 

to  to  lO  I> 

LO  rH  LO  to 

lo  to  cj^  to 

CT>  02  H 

to  l>-  to  H 

IN  H to  to 

O O CO  O 

O O O O 

CO  CO  £>■  00 

CO  CO  CO 

to  £>  S'  IN 

to  I>  O I> 

rH  H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CT>  lO  CO 

lO  lO  to  m 

lo  j>  •<;}<  to 

00  to  CO  O' 

tO  ^ 02  rH 

CD  O rH  O 

o 

O O CT»  O 

O O O O 

<7>  CT>  CT>  Oi 

C7>  cr>  cr>  (j> 

CT>  O O O 

O rH  rH  rH 

t.SLS 

^ If: 

rH  rH  O rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

O O O O 

o o o O 

O H rH  H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

O LO  to  C- 

to  02  LC5  to 

0>  to  C7>  'sH 

02  CO  02  rH 

CO  CT>  to  to 

LQ  O'!  1 — 1 CO 

cv2  (j>  cy> 

J>-  I>  t>  O 

lO  to  'sH  to 

■sH  CO 

H H H H 

O o H o 

02  (M  (M 

CC2  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

02  Ct2  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

o 

02  02  02 

o o o o 

CO  ^ l> 

CO  00  CO  00 

02  rH  rH  to 

o o o o 

cr>  00  CO  00 

to  to  to  to 

!>.  to  to  to 

02  rH  rH  rH 

o>  cr>  Oi  o> 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

CV2  02  02  02 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

K 

lO  to  02 

00  £>- 

CO  to  OvH  CO 

1 — 1 1 — 1 o 

to  to  to  02 

CT>  H H O 

• 

o 

£>  0-  to  £>• 

CO  00  CO  00 

lO  lO  to 

i>-  to  o- 

02  CO  to  CO 

LO  to  to 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H H H H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

•p 

O rH  ^ CO 

CO  £>  CO  00 

r-H  rH  <J>  O' 

00  to  00  £S 

O H O IN 

to  IN  00  IN 

o 

to  to  lO  lO 

£>  £>  O'  Z> 

to  ^ to  to 

lO  IC3  lO  to 

rH  02  02  rH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

o 

>• 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

I — 1 1 — 1 rH  1 — 1 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H H H H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

c- 

|o 

•^02  0> 

CO  to  to  o 

CO  0-  rH  O' 

to  02  O 

IQ  JN  to  to 

LO  CO  02 

w 

o + 

cr»  cr»  O t> 

to  to  O-  E> 

a>  to  C'- 

CO  to 

to  £N  to  to 

02  to  CO  to 

9 

1 J> 

lO  ^ 

t<5  to  tQ  l<0 

CO  to  to  to 

CO  CO  to  CO 

02  02  02  02 

02  (02  02  02 

E^ 

0-  to  lO  lO 

to  to  to  CT> 

CO  IN  LO  O 

Ho 

02  to  02  cr> 

02  'vf*  to  H 

^ LO  O'  to 

O H to 

H CV2  to  to 

CO  LOO  i-H 

O O 02  O 

£>  £>  tO  I>- 

lO  to  O'  to 

cr»  o cji  CT> 

to  IN  EN 

^ CV2  <^2  CO 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  02  rH  rH 

02  02  02  02 

CO  CO  to  CO 

o|l> 

CO  to  to 

rH  to  rH  to 

O-  to  to 

to  I>-  lO  CO 

CO  02  02  to 

cy>  IN  CV2  to 

l>  to  H 02 

00  O 00 

'tl<  o to  o 

02  CT>  rH  rH 

CO  to  to 

GO  OH  O 

0>  Oi  CO  O' 

to  to  to  lO 

to  to  to  to 

lO  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CC2  toco  to 

'dt  to  o to 

02  ^ CO  rH 

to  's}<  "tJC 

CO  E>  02  02 

cr>  CN  CO  to 

H 02  C7>  ^ 

l> 

lO  IT5  CO  to 

£>-  t-  to  I> 

to  to  O'  to 

CO  o>  cy> 

to  to  to  to 

O CT>  CO  0> 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H H H H 

CV2  H H H 

— 

o 

O 1 — 1 £>■ 

O O H O 

CT>  cr»  CD 

Cn  CO  CJ^  CT> 

<D  O CT> 

CD  C7>  CJ^  cr> 

lO  lO  'sjt  "?}« 

O O O O 

cy>  CTi  cr> 

C7>  CT»  CT>  cy> 

LO  to  to  to 

to  LO  LO  LO 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  H rH  rH 

o o o o 

O O O O 

O O O O 

o oo  o 

O H lO 

1 — 1 O 02  rH 

•«vi<  to  H O 

CO  to  to 

CO  CD  LQ 

H ■tt(  to 

I 

rQ 

O lO  to 

IQ  lO  UO  lO 

cy»  to 

■tjl 

CO  ^ to 

'tj* 

UO  ^ ^ 

w t«  t<o  tq 

^ 

CO  CO  CO  to 

to  to  to  CO 

0} 

to  ca  (M 

to  c7» 

'vfi  H O'  O' 

to  rH  to  CO 

O to  CO  cr> 

O LOtO  ^ 

■> 

to  to  02 

O £>■  C- 

to  0>  CO  O' 

to  to  to  to 

CO  to  rH 

o oo  o 

; I; 

rH  02  CV2  02 

t<5  to  tQ  tcj 

02  CV2  02  02 

to  to  to  CO 

02  CCJ  to  to 

'tjH  ^ 'sjt 

% 

cslo 

O 00  CO 

lO  to  lO 

O'  to  to 

C'  l>- 

rH  rH 

lO  lOLO 

to  lO  lO 

O-  t- 

lO  cr>  <J^ 

to  to  to 

o to  to 

00  GO  GO 

• • # 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

# • • 

• * • 

rH  rH  rH 

CO  t<i  t« 

02  02  02 

CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

1 

• • 

H pq  O • 

CO  pq  o • 

H O 
>s^ 

S>  {> 

H pq  O • 

CV2  pq  o • 

CO  pq  o • 

-tji  pqo  • 

S <lj 

^ <A 

^ > 

^ > 

^ r> 

o 

02 

02 

to  «=tl 

to  <jj 

CO  <3\ 

CO  .=15 

' '5 


I (' 


I 


‘ - , l>.^ ../^ 


TABLE  7 Gont’d. 


r 


97 


w 

c 

c 

H lO  lO 

(Ji  <Ji 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

o o o o 

t-l  CO  CO  to 
rH  tH  rH  rH 

to  to  to 
to  CO  to  CO 

to  to  -rH  EO 
E-  E-  E-  E- 

O O O O 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

tH  tH  tH  tH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

Per 

Cent 

Flow 

C-  CD  00 

o o o o 

iH  rH  t~l  rH 

l>  to  o o 
O 'ctt  CO  to 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CO  rH  tH  rH 
iH  rH  iH  rH 

tH  iH  iH  rH 

to  to  to  to 
o o o o 

tH  t— ! tH  tH 

Tit  £>  CO 

tH  tH  O tH 

tH  tH  rH  tH 

CO  CO  00  to 
CO  tH  O rH 

tH  tH  tH  tH 

CO 

O lO  CO 
CT^  H O O 
H ^ O W 

O to  cr>  O 
co  cr>  t-  cr> 
CO  cr^  cr> 

CO  rH  rH  rH 

O O CO 

o>  to  t-  o 
to  tj<  to  to 
CO  CO  to  to 

rH  CO  «;it 

rH  CO  err 
to  err  to  to 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

E-  CO  tH 

{>•  CO  CO  CO 
CO  E-  to  E- 

CO  00  H err 

to  E-  O '<H 
rH  to  tO  to 

O H O C- 
w ^ o cvj 

£>  (J^  CO  CO 

to  to  CO 

J>-  rH  rH  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  C- 

to  CO  cr> 
J>  CO  E> 

^ to  to  to 
1 — 1 1 — 1 to  to 

O CO  E-  0 

LO  00  CO 

O E-  err  or 
j>-  to  to  tO 

iH  CO  O rH 
or  CD  E-  00 
to  tO  tO  tO 

ora 

M 

ra 

/A 

lO  H 

o>  O cr»  cr> 

o CO  00  cr> 

CO  CO  CO 

O CO  rH  rH 
<J^  err  (T> 

to 

CD  CO  00  CO 

LO  ^ LO  LO 
rH  rH  iH  i 1 

tH  rH  CTr  O 
iH  iH  O tH 

O H O CD 

o o o o 

O O o o 

o o o o 

rH  iH  tH  tH 

tH  tH  rH  tH 

o o 
lO  to  to  lO 

(W  (XJ  (X2  CV2 

CT>  tO 

CO  CO  to  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

os  to  to  CO 
CO  to  CO  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  err  to  o 
tH  rH  tH  iH 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

O E-  O or 

to  to  tO  lO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  CO  'tH 
lO  to  LO  to 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

w 

mo 

CD  O O to 
to  to  to  to 

<XJ  (XI  CO  CM 

to  to  to  to 
to  to  to  tD 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  IQ  to  to 
to  to  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

E-  o O err 
to  to  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

<X2  CO  CO  CO 
CO  02  CO  CO 

O O o o 
CO  CO  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

o 

15 

to  t>-  CO  H 
to  to  to 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

to  CO  CO  'sH 
to  to  to  to 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

rH  'sH  to  to 

to  to  to  tO 

tH  rH  rH  tH 

lo  to  CO  o 
CO  to  CO  to 
iH  iH  tH  tH 

to  tH  to  to 
LO  to  to  to 
tH  tH  tH  iH 

E-  to  LO  to 
E-  E-  E-  E- 
rH  rH  iH  tH 

W 

c 

iH  CT>  CD 

to  «s}^  to  to 

rH  iH  rH  iH 

CO  CO  to 
to  to  to  to 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

O CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

rH  iH  iH  rH 

O Cjr  CO  to 
H H H H 
rH  tH  rH  rH 

tH  O rH  tH 
rH  'tH  'tfl 
tH  tH  tH  iH 

to  LO  rH  to 

to  to  to  to 

tH  iH  tH  tH 

0+A 

0 

CO  CO  CO  !>- 
O to  to 
lO  -tiH  ^ 

to  cr>  CT5 
tO  ^ to 
CO  CO  to  to 

to  CT»  CO  t>- 
eo  tji  to  CO 

'sH 

iH  err  'sji  CO 
err  o err  err 
to  CO  to 

tH  1 — 1 err  E^ 
CO  CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

rH  Cjr  E*  Or 
O err  err  (Jr 
CO  tH  tH  tH 

»>lCJ 

to  r;J<  to 
to  00  00  viH 

CO  (J>  rH  rH 

CO  o o 
E>  £>  CO 
£>  CO  CO  00 

^ to  H I>- 

to  CO  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  o CO 
to  ^ tH 

to  to  to 

CO  err  err  o 

CO  CO  to  fH 

CO  to  CO  'tH 

to  CO  LO  to 
CO  CO  00  CO 
or  O O O 

rH  I— I 1 — 1 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

tH  t — 1 rH  1 — 1 

tH  tH  tH  iH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  'H  'tH  'tH 

olt> 

CO  to  to  CO 
CT»  rH  's}^  CO 
J>  O CO  CO 

•r-l  • • 

CO  O 0> 
CO  to  J>-  to 
rH  rH  rH  rH 

s!^  to  to  CO 
£>  to  CO 
to  to  to  to 

CD  ^:ii  <j>  tr- 
tO  H £>  O 
I>  CO 

0-2  CO  ejr  1 — 1 

err  to 
to  to  to  to 

o ^ E~  rH 
O CD  err  or 
to  CO  CO  CO 

H 00  to  00 

to  'tH  'tH 

CO  CO  C^i  CO 

J> 

to  £>  to 

00  GO  CO 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

err  H tH 

err  CO  (jr  err 
rH  rH  rH  iH 

^ to  H 
to  ^ to  to 

tH  rH  rH  iH 

O 00  CO  CO 

o o o o 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

(jr  (X2  to  CO 
CO  'tji  -rii 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

o 

CO  O CO 

^ to  sd^ 
rH  rH  rH  rH 

H O O O 
O O O O 
(H  rH  iH  iH 

2>-  o err  err 
lO 

rH  tH  rH  iH 

or  H O O 
or  O O O 
O iH  tH  H 

O err  o O 
to  to  O to 
o o o o 

O O O O 
to  tO  tO  tO 
o o o o 

,Q 

CO  to  to  o 
CO  to  ^ to 

to  1 — 1 rH  CO 
to  to  to  to 
CO  to  to  to 

to  o c-  t> 
^ to  '^ii  ^ 
CO  to  CO  to 

•si<  £>  to  CO 
err  to  to  to 
^ 

CO  TtH  E-  to 

lO  to  to  to 

rH  TsH  •tH  '=H 

rH  CO  O CO 
to  LO  to  to 
to  to  CO  CO 

o3 

CO  to  to 
cr>  to  CO 

rH  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO 
to  to  to  to 
to  to  to  CO 

err  to  to  tfl 

O tH  tH  t— 
CO  CO  to  CO 

CO  to  to  1 — 
to  err  or  CD 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  or  rH  t— ' 
00  O CO  CD 
CO  CO  CO  ce 

E-  to  to  to 
rH  tH  'tr'  "tH 
CO  to  CO  to 

oJlo 

to  o o 
to  to  to 

• • • 

rH  rH  rH 

CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to 

• • • 

CO  CO  to 

2.10 

2.10 

2.10 

E~  CO  CO 
to  CJr  CJr 

... 

CO  CO  CO 

tH  rH  tH 
E-  £>  E- 

... 

'vH  -sH 

CO  CO  CO 
E-  E-  E- 

... 

to  to  LO 

• • 

1—1  o 

o 

to  pq  o . 
is;  !> 

'st*  <=i 

to  pq  o • 
^ > 

til  <C 

£>  pq  o 

CO  pq  o « 

^ > 

•tH  «a 

00  pq  o 
to  > 

to 

err  pq  o » 
CO  {> 

\ is; 

to 

TABLE  7 Cont’d 


Y 


\ 


M 

■I 

i I 


w 

c 

c 

CO  CD  CT>  00 

(7^  C7>  (0» 

to  to  to  to 

|H 

CO  CO  CM  lO 
LO  LO  iH 

CM  CO  fcf  J CM 
t-  O !>■  C- 

to  CO 
£>  O £>■  C- 

to  Ht  CO 
'tf  HI  ^ 

iH  rH  iH  iH 

H H H H 

rH  iH  rH  iH 

H H H H 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

Per 

Cent 

Flow 

O CO 

O rH  rH  rH 
tH  rH  rH  rH 

CM  CM  O LO 
iH  rH  CM  iH 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

H O lO 

O O O O 

iH  iH  iH  rH 

O CM  CM 

O O O O 

rH  |H  rH  iH 

O LO  (74  LO 
O O O O 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

C-  £>  LO 

O O O O 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

xn 

CO  m vO  to 
CM  CJ>  <M 
O O O C7> 
CM  1 — 1 CM  ( — 1 

to  lO  00  £> 
C7>  CO  O O 
CM  LO  CO 
rH  rH  rH  rH 

O 00  O 00 
CO  to  00  CM 
to  to  CO 

CO  CO  CM  CO 

O O o o 

CO  O CM  iH 
O O- 

LO  CM  CM  CM 

1309 

1343 

1200 

1284 

rH  07  H*  rH 
O LO  O 

t>-  LO  LO  to 
rH  iH  rH  rH 

CO  H CM 
D-  yo  r> 
O l>  £>  C- 

00  O CD  LO 
O 00 

O O o 

C-  to  £>  CO 
LO  00 

00  C~  O £> 

C-  O CO  O 
rH  (7^  00  CO 
00  O 00  00 

H CM  LO 

CO  O 
C>-  CO  00  CO 

CM  00  rH 
to  CO  to  rH 
00  00  £>  00 

w 

m 

w 

mo 

£>  O to  C- 

o o o o 

HC  00  to  to 
o o o o 

00  CO  CO  H 
O O O 

CO  CM  lO  CO 
O O O O 

(74  to  CO  CM 
O rH  rH  rH 

LO  Cf4  to 

rH  H O H 

rH  rH  r— 1 rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

O iH  iH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

1 — 1 1 — I 1 — 1 rH 

rH  rH  iH  iH 

w 

m 

<7>  O O C7> 
CO  00  00 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  H*  rH  O 
lO  to  to  to 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  CO  CO  rH 
to  I>-  C-  C- 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

O 00  CM 

to  LO  to  to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CO  CM  rH  C74 

LO  LO 

Ct2  CM  CM  CM 

E-  CO  rH 

to  to  LO  to 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

OUI 

o o o o 

C-  J>-  t-  t- 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

lO  LO  LO  LO 

Hc 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

H LO  lO  £> 
£>  to  O to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CO  CO  to  CO 
LO  LO  lO  LO 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 
CM  CM  CM  CM 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 
to  CO  CO  CO 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

M 

o 

rH  CM  O iH 
to  tO  to  to 
iH  iH  rH  rH 

£>  rH  O C7> 
00  00  I> 
rH  rH  rH  rH 

tO  to 

to  tO  LO  to 
rH  rH  rH  rH 

.185 

.184 

.188 

.186 

LO  (74  O CO 
£>  £>  CO  O 
rH  rH  iH  rH 

CO  1 — 1 00  rH 
to  to  LO  to 
rH  iH  rH  rH 

w 

c 

tO  tO  to 

'vH 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

C>  O CT>  cyi 

to  I>-  to  to 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

O CM  0>  O 
LO  LO  CO 
rH  rH  rH  iH 

O Cr>  to  rH 
l>-  to  o- 
H H H H 

O CO  CM 

to  to  tO  to 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

LO  H CO 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

lo 

O + 

lO  CO  CM 

t0>  to  CO  CO 

to  O I>- 
C»^  rH  O O 
CM  CO  CO  to 

£>  CO  lO  CM 
LO  CM 

to  to  CO  CO 

CM  CO  lO 

CM  H CO  CM 
CO  to  CO  CO 

CM  LO  l>- 
H to  CO  CM 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

O 'tH  to  (74 

to  LO  CO 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

}>Io 

CJ^  (7^  cr>  CM 
CT'  O lO  CM 
CO  cr>  <7^  <J> 

LO  cr>  o 00 
00  LO  to  to 
CO  rH  CM  CM 

to  LO  CT>  CO 
O CT>  CO 

00  o CO  (j> 

iH  CO  O rH 
O CO  to  00 
rH  rH  <7>  O 

O O C7> 

LO 

CV2  CV2  ^ 

C7>  (M  LO  LO 
CO  (74  CM 
00  (74  CM  O 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

rH  CM  rH  rH 

CM  CM  rH  CM 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CM  CM  to  CO 

Ol> 

to  O O 
CM  CM  H CM 
lO  lO  lO  to 

CT»  CO  CM  rH 
H lO 

C7> 

lO  CM  rH 

lO  LO  lO 

to  00  O rH 
£>  lO  rH  00 
LO 

o 00  to  lO 

£>  o o (74 
CM  CO  to  CM 

H H to  CM 
LO  o to 
CO  CO  CO  to 

> 

00  cr>  CM  O 
00  CO  <7>  o> 

H H H H 

to  00  to  I> 

CO  rH  CM  CM 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

H lO  00 
£>  O CO  CO 
rH  CM  rH  rH 

00  LO  to 
O H <7^  O 
CM  CM  rH  CM 

LO  LO  to  CM 
H Cf4  (74  O 
CM  rH  rH  CM 

CO  CO  H l^- 
tO  C>  <74  O 
iH  rH  rH  rH 

o 

CT>  0>  CO  Oi 
CT>  (T>  CT> 

o o o o 

cr»  rH  O O 
O O O O 
O H H H 

00  to  CD  0 
<7^  <7»  cr» 

O O O O 

(7>  00  O CJ> 
<7>  (74  O C7> 
O O H O 

00  O O (74 
lO  tO  tO  LO 
O O O O 

(74  <74  (O  (74 
LO  LO  LO  LO 

o o o o 

rQ 

CO  CM  CO 

cr>  (ji  cr>  o> 

O to  CM  CM 
LO  LO  to 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

O LO  CO  LO 
C7>  CO  LO 

H*  H* 

O CM  00 

'sfi  LO 

CO  to  to  CO 

CM  O (74  £> 

LO 

to  CO  CO  CO 

tO  H*  iH 

LO  LO  LO 

05 

c7>  a»  00  c7> 
rH  iH  rH  rH 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

00  lO  CM  CM 
rH  CM  CM  CM 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

LO  00  to  C7^ 

CO  LO  J>-  LO 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  «sH  CM  I>- 
H*  LO 
CO  CO  CO  to 

LO  LO  LO  CM 
CO  (74  (74  (74 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

C-  ?>• 

H H O H 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

o3|o 

CM  CM  CM 
CM  CM  CM 

• • • 

CM  CM  CM 

O O O 
CM  CM  CM 

• • 1 • 

CO  CO  C<^ 

O 00  00 
£>■  O 

• • • 

CM  CM  CM 

O O O 
lO  LO  LO 

• . . 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  00  CO 
to  LO  LO 

... 

tO  to  to 

5.30 

5.30 

5.30 

• • 

H O 

O 

5IT40 

B 

c 

AV. 

H pq  O • 
> 

1^ 

LO 

61154 

B 

0 

AV. 

LO  pq  o . 

LO  |> 

S <Ll 

to 

to  pq  o 

LO  }> 

|2i  < 

to 

o pq  o 

LO  >• 

to 

•A’ 


I .f 


I. 


( 

i 

I 


I 


( 


i 


) 


4 


TABLE  7 Cont*d 


99 


* 


CD  U3 

IS 

rH  O O I^~ 

to 

to 

o o o o 

IS 

IS  CO  IS 

in  CO  CO  o 

03 

03 

H 03  C\3  rH 

O 

O 

tC3  tcj  t<i  to 

TT  >5^  ^ 

ol  o 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

^ 1 

rH  iH  tH  f— 1 

H 

H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

iH 

H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

•p  ^ 

O O O 03 

o> 

(ji  in  «o  to 

c> 

cr> 

in  o O O 

tD  in 

j:J  o 

to  i<3  tn  tn 

iH 

iH 

O rH  rH  rH 

o 

O 

O rH  rH  rH 

o o o 

(D  0 H 

• • • • 

• 

• 

♦ • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • • 

pH  o Ph 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

iH 

rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

r— i 

H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH 

lo  in  o o 

03 

03 

00  O O <33 

o 

O 

(J>  to  O i> 

O in  in  IS 

cr^  O to  rH 

00 

00 

rH  in  O lO 

to 

to 

to  Is  O 00 

H rH  C7> 

03 

to  in  to 

H 

rH 

O vD  tO  IS 

IS 

IS 

o in  ID  in 

rH  C7>  m rH 

rH  iH  rH  pH 

03 

CV3 

to  to  to 

to 

to 

(03  (03  Cv3  <03 

(03 

rH  (03  (03 

l>-  CT>  ^ 

CO 

CO 

IS  C-  to 

iH 

rH 

to  Is  ^ 

H to  m <7^ 

t>l{> 

in  lO  03 

^ >!;H  CO  CT> 

in 

m 

00  «D  IS 

Is  O (03  <7^ 

^ I 

£>  00  CO  00 

in 

in 

0>  00  CO  00 

00 

CO 

ID  Is  IS  Is 

to  IS  IS  ‘Xj 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

o 

C-  £> 

in  IS 

(03  IS  ID  IS 

in 

tD  IS  tD 

al  a 

o o 

o>  cr> 

O O O O 

o o o o 

• • 

• • 

• • • # 

• 

• • • 

H H 

o o 

rH  H H H 

H 

rH  rH  rH 

to  <7»  (J> 

03 

03 

o 

in 

in 

ID  O CD  (j> 

00 

(03  tD  <03 

B 

to  O C-  ID 

rH 

rH 

in  IS  IS  ID 

CO 

00 

CD  O CJ^  C7^ 

IS 

CD  00  CO 

03  03  CV3  03 

03 

CV3 

03  C3  03  03 

03 

03 

(03  to  <03  (03 

<03 

(03  (03  03 

• • • • 

• 

• 

♦ • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

o 

rH  rH 

H 

to  to 

• 

o o o o 

tD 

to  tD  tD 

s 

to  ID 

w 

00  00 

rH 

CD  00  CD  00 

to 

tO  tD  tD 

03  03 

•H 

03  03 

0} 

(03  (03  (03  (03 

(03 

(03  (03  Cv3 

• • 

• • 

*H 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

O 

ri 

M 

to  03  03  03 

00  -P 

CO 

iD  IS  CT> 

rH  0 

rH 

00  m in 

tD 

00  C7>  00 

o 

ID  CT>  <T>  CO 

03  d 

03 

IS  00  CD  00 

ID  P 

ID 

<T>  O O O 

in 

m in  m 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H S - 

rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH 

rH  <03  (03  (03 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

to  03  03  03 

m -p 

in 

tD  is  CJi  •<n}< 

CO  P 

00 

<j^  in  vj(  m 

to 

^ in 

o 

in  CO  CO  C- 

H S 

iH 

tD  IS  IS  IS 

d 

CD  (jv  cr>  cr> 

^ 

1 — 1 rH  1 — 1 1 — 1 

rH  0 

rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  0 

rH 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

rH 

H rH  H 

• • • • 

• *H 

• 

• • • • 

• *H 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

o 

o 

rH  CO  O O 

03  *H 

03 

00  to  in  03 

to  *H 

to 

IS  ID  rH  ■<;j( 

to 

to  C7»  <03 

lo 

03  rH  03  03 

O 

O 

m rH  03  to 

in 

in 

IS  IS  Is 

rH 

<03  03  (03 

o + 

to  to  to  to 

to  'H 

t<: 

'si^  «hl 

to  to  to  to 

to 

to  to  tco 

l{> 

• • • • 

• P 

# 

# • • • 

• P 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

W 

w 

to  H H in 

C!>  d 

CJ> 

H H CD  o> 

CO  d 

CD 

<03  CT>  IS  CD 

00 

rH  rH  O 

rH  03  03 

O *H  C 

o 

00  03  in  rH 

o *H  = 

o 

CD  m (T>  Is 

C7> 

<Jj  rH 

5>lo 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

to 

to 

H 'sH  to  to 

C3 

(03 

OO  VD  ID  ID 

rH 

O O H 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

03  03  03  03 

Cv3  •« 

03 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  •* 

H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

<03 

<03  (03  03 

0 

© 

to  O-  03  rH 

to  fd 

to 

ID  to  CO  03 

Is  nd 

IS 

H <03  (X)  m 

in 

CD  O 

A 

0 

C-  tO  £>  C- 

to  aj 

to 

^ o to 

03  d 

CV3 

to  o CD  cr> 

in 

IS  <7^  10- 

^ ^ ^ 

a s 

CD  is  IS  IS 

CO  a E 

00 

m ID  m in 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

# 

• 

• • • • 

# 

• • • 

m 03  O 

O -P 

o 

ID  CT>  03  ^ 

^ P 

to  C7>  to  H 

to 

m o tD 

{> 

O rH  rH  O 

rH  O 

rH 

IS  O O (7^ 

IS  o 

IS 

IS  m in 

rH 

o o o 

03  03  03  03 

03  d e 

03 

rH  03  03  rH 

H d C 

rH 

(03  <03  (03  <03 

(03 

<03  <03  (03 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

# 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

t>  CTk  CO 

iH  •* 

H 

C7>  IS  C7>  CO 

■vjl  *> 

-sf< 

in  o <7>  o 

IS 

00  00  CO 

O 

(T^  C%  O'* 

nd 

CT> 

^ ^ 

nd 

^ m ^ in 

(7> 

0>  C7>  C7> 

O O O O 

O 0 

O 

H H H H 

rH  0 

rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

O 

o o o 

# • # • 

• d 

• 

• • • • 

• d 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

© 

0 

03  «D  IS  in 

to  0 

tD 

IS  IS  VD 

O 0 

o 

<7^  O CD 

in 

O to  CT^ 

,o 

^ 

m Pt 

in 

^ 

CO  d 

CO 

to  in  ^ 

00 

O <7»  CD 

to  to  to  to 

o 

to  to  to  to 

o 

to  t^i  to  to 

^ 

• • • • 

• we 

• 

• • • • 

• w c 

• 

• • • # 

• 

• ♦ • 

o to  CO 

to 

to 

00  O 03  O 

03 

(03 

to  H O H 

in 

IS  <7^  IS 

cd 

m ^ ^ 

rH 

03  O O rH 

O H 

o 

m m in 

o 

O O O 

to  to  to  to 

03  05 

ca 

tcj  to  to  to 

03  C3 

C^3 

(03  (03  (03  (03 

<03 

<03  <03  (03 

• • • • 

• *H 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• 

• • • 

d 

d 

in  £s  IS 

£S  0 

Is 

o to  to 

O 0 

00  00  CO 

(03 

03  <03 

UD 

to  p 

to 

03  O O 

ID  O vD 

rH 

rH  rH 

oJ|o 

• • • 

• o5 

• 

• • • 

• CO 

# • • 

• 

• • 

to  to  to 

03  gC 

03 

03  03  03 

rH  rH  rH 

(03 

(03  03 

• • 

CO  pq  o • 

CS^  PQ  O • 

O PQ  O • 

H PQ  O 

♦ 

^ PQ  O • 

in 

B 

G 

• 

H O 

in  > 

m 

> 

O |> 

ID 

}> 

^ > 

IS 

> 

S <i| 

Pi  <I 

Pi 

Pi  <i1 

Pi 

< 

o 

IS 

IS 

IS 

IS 

4(-*i€0 

00 

iJt 


<D 

w 

d 

CD 

> 

c3 

•H 

o 

•p 

•p 

•H 

O 

* 


100 


j 


II 

i 


i 

i' 


o t-  c-  c- 

cO  lO  to  to 

O to  CO  CD 

vO  vO  vO  vO 

LO  LO*  LO 

CO  E-  CO  CO 

o o o o 

I>-  E^  C-  l>- 

lO  VO  VO  lO 

E-  E-  E-  E~ 

02  CO 

CO 

CO  CD  CO  CO 

o|  O 

tH  rH  rH  iH 

& 1 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

rH  tH  tH  iH 

rH  tH  tH  tH 

tH  tH  tH  tH 

H H 

rH 

w to  lo  to 

CO  0>  00  vo 

CO  E-  O 

o o c>  vo 

to  to 

o 

CO  iH  VO  t<  j 

fH  JZj  O 

O O O O 

O O O O 

to  CO  to 

t^J  Ht  to  to 

H O 

tH 

tH  tH  rH  tH 

(D  O iH 
Ph  O Ph 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

rH  tH  tH  tH 

tH  iH  rH 

tH  tH  tH  tH 

rH  iH 

rH 

tH  iH  iH  tH 

VO  C-  00 

00  CO 

O O O E~ 

LO  LO  O to 

00  vO 

CO 

iH  E~  CO  LO 

CO 

00  lO  ^ 

vO  vO  CJJ 

O E-  lO  O 

O vO  vo 

to  CO 

vo 

(7>  VD  00 

H lO  VO 

to  to  CO  to 

CD  to  to  to 

to  to 

VO  CO 

E- 

iH  rH  rH  iH 

to  to  to  to 

rH  rH  tH  rH 

rH  rH  tH  tH 

tH  rH  tH  tH 

CO  CO 

CO 

rH  tH  iH  rH 

'<;H 

to  to  VO  E- 

vo  E-  vo 

E-  CD  VO 

H'  tH 

to 

to  vO  to 

VO  CO  O 00 

to  CO  rH 

CO  C7>  E^  CD 

E-  HI  E-  vO 

LO  E- 

vO 

CD  VD  vD 

^ 1 

C-  t>  00  o 

E-  vo  E- 

vO  VO  vO  vO 

I>-  E-  E>  E- 

I>  E- 

E- 

E-  E-  E^  E- 

to  «0  vO  lO 

CO  CO  O rH 

LO  iH  o cr> 

CO  O tH  tH 

tH  CO 

CO 

E-  vO  LO  vO 

, O 

o o o o 

H HH  H 

(T>  o o cr» 

O O O O 

O O 

o 

O O O o 

Ls 

rH  iH  rH  iH 

tH  tH  rH  tH 

O H H O 

tH  tH  tH  rH 

tH  rH 

H 

rH  iH  rH  tH 

O £>- 

rH  O vO 

CO  to  O E- 

vO  CO  to  H 

CO  O 

CT» 

LO  CO  CO  CO 

iH  iH  rH  iH 

E^  E^  vO  vO 

<5^  lO  vO  lO 

vO  «0  vo  vO 

CO  a-> 

00 

cr>  cj^  CO  cjs 

to  t<j  to  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

o 

O O O O 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

o o o o 

rH  rH  rH  tH 

LO  lO 

LO 

to  LO  LO  LO 

s 

O O O O 

H* 

vO  vO  vo  vo 

vO  vo  vO  vO 

CO  CO 

00 

E>  E-  E-  E- 

tfi  to  to  t<: 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

M 

CX2  to  to 

to  to  to 

lO  LO  rH 

LO  to  H 

CO  to 

to 

vO  LO  to  LO 

• 

o 

t-  l>  £>  C» 

00  00  00  00 

lO  vO  vO  vO 

CO  00  CD  CO 

o o 

o 

o o o o 

m 

H H H rH 

tH  tH  rH  tH 

H H H H 

iH  iH  tH  rH 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

-p 

S 

00  o>  O 0^ 

vO  to  to 

CO  CO  rH  CD 

H CO  H to 

E-  CO 

CO 

o cr>  CO  cr^ 

o 

o 

lO  to  vO  lO 

D-  E^  E-  E- 

to  to 

E-  E-  E-  E- 

GO  CO 

CO 

CJ^  CD  CO  CD 

o 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  tH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

iH  iH  tH  tH 

iH  iH 

H 

rH  tH  rH  rH 

VO  tH  00  C\2 

HI  CO  O 

to  CO  CO 

vO  CJ>  to  to 

E-  CO 

o 

HI  O to  <T> 

W 

lo 

rH  CO  (M  W 

00 

H cr»  cr>  O 

O O O O 

E>  CO 

CO 

cr>  (3>  00  CD 

s 

o + 

^ 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  CO  CO  to 

to  CO  to  to 

to  to 

to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

EH 

00  CO  lO  CO 

o O CJ> 

vo  C7^  rH 

CO  CT>  CO  H 

to  VD 

LO 

LO  LO  o o 

>\o 

o i>  to  C- 

O CO  CO 

J-O  0^  rH 

vO  H C7> 

LO  tH 

to 

O H to  vO 

to  to  to 

to  ^ 

iH  to  to  to 

CO  W CO  CO 

vD  VO 

vo 

lO  H^ 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

H H 

• rH 

CQ 

(D  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CV2 

o|> 

O CTi  03  C7^ 

E~  to  VD  cr» 

C7>  LO  E-  H^ 

CO  VD  o vO 

lO  CO 

vD  CJi  LO  E^ 

H CO  CO 

rH  tH  0>  O 

to  CO  H to 

H CO  H to 

O H 

•H  iH 

rH  O CT>  O 

£>  J>-  !>•  l>- 

HI  to 

H H H H 

VD  vO  +3  vO 

HV  H^  to  HI 

!>.  to  to 

O CO  O 

E>  CJ>  to  vo 

H O lO  vo 

CO  H 

■P 

S vO 

to  E-  to  CO 

t> 

O O CJ^  O 

to 

O tH  CvJ  rH 

CO  to  CO  CO 

H 

o3 

HI  H*  to  HI 

CO  CO  rH  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

fi  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

00  cr>  00 

0 0 0^0 

to  to  to 

CTi  CO  cr>  CT> 

O H 

iH 

rH  rH  O rH 

o 

o o o 

cy>  (T> 

CTi  (Ti  ot  CTi 

LO  LO  tH  LO 

O O o o 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  tH  O rH 

o o o o 

o o o o 

tH  H 

C5  rH 

iH  tH  tH  tH 

H to  to  to 

H H E-  O 

E-  rH  CT»  CO 

vo  H to  LO 

O CO 

•rl 

tOrH 

LO  to  o to 

rQ 

o cr>  CT> 

to  to  to 

CO  CO  rH  CO 

H H H H 

LO  lO 

•H  LO 

LO  LO  lO  LO 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

to  to 

u to 

to  to  to  to 

o5 

m vo  £>•  vo 

a>  E- 

rH  E-  LO  CO 

rH  CO  rH  O 

CO  to 

to 

rH  CJ^  cr> 

lo  m to  lo 

o o o o 

E-  vO  vO  vO 

to  CO  to  to 

LO  lO 

HU2I 

O cr>  cr»  cr> 

rH  iH  rH  tH 

to  to  to  tf  J 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

CO  CO 

•rl  CO 

to  CO  CO  CO 

lO  lO  lO 

E-  E-  E- 

lO  LO  LO 

LO  lO  to 

CO  CO 

O 

E-  E-  E- 

csJlo 

O O O 

o o o 

CD  CO  CO 

tco  to  to 

VD  vo 

Oi  CT>  CT> 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • 

{4 

• • • 

H H H 

to  to  to 

CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to 

rH  tH  fHf  ’ 

CO  CO  CO 

vD 

E- 

# • 

vo  pq  O • 

E-  pq  O • 

vo  pq  o • 

E-  pq  O • 

■H  pq  o • 

HI  pq  o • 

E-  |> 

(T> 

CT>  {> 

> 

^ < 

O 

O 

o 

00 

CD 

1 cr» 

rH 

iH 

* 


Omitted  in  average 


! 


1 


I 


TABLE  7 Cont’d. 


o o 


+3  ^ 

Sm  O 

(D  O H 
pH  O 


CO 


Ol  > 


o 

SL  S 


o 

a 


o 


o 


o 


o 


a 


c3lo 


H O 
O 


>\o 


Ol{> 


101 


O W CO 

CO  cr>  £> 

* 

CO  to  CO  CO 

CO  to  to  to 

H to 

CD  o o o 

O)  H 

00 

O 

CD  00  00  CO 

lO  O 

• 

rH  1 — 1 iH  iH 

H H H H 

CO  to 

CO 

H H H H 

H H H H 

CO  CO 

CO 

H 03  O 

o to  C- 

CO  to 

CO 

to  00  CO  CO 

LO  CD  tD 

o>  to 

to 

H iH  O 1— 1 

O O O CD 

to  to 

to 

O H H H 

O CO  H H 

O CO 

H 

• 

rH  rH  H iH 

H H H H 

iH  iH 

jH 

H H H H 

H H H H 

iH  H 

iH 

CO  H cn 

o>  lO  to 

(3^ 

C3> 

to  LO  O I> 

00  LO  CO 

to  H 

CO  rH  03 

H H H H 

O 

o 

H to  0>  sf 

H to  00  LO 

^ il3 

<3» 

O to  CO  o 

H t>  to  CO 

J>- 

t- 

CO  C3>  C3^  O 

to  CT»  00  o 

O C3> 

(3> 

CO  W rH  CO 

to  to  to 

CO  H H CO 

CO  H H CO 

rH 

03  H CT>  0.1 

H to  O CO 

CO  H 

00 

cr>  to  LO  o 

CO  £0 

o o 

LO 

O rH  CO 

Or>  £>-  •■sfi  to 

to  CO 

to 

0^  iH  ^-O  0^ 

to  to  C3>  C3> 

o to 

E>  I>-  5>-  C- 

o c-  c>  o 

to  c- 

to 

00  00  C3>  00 

C7>  CO  00  CD 

CD  l> 

£>■ 

l<3  «vH  0- 

CO  CO  O H 

LO  to 

LO 

o lO  H 

CO  C3>  H H 

LO 

to 

O CTV  (J>  CJ 

o o o o 

CO  cr> 

00 

H o H O 

O C3»  O O 

O*  C3> 

a* 

• 

HO  O O 

H H H H 

o o 

o 

H H H H 

H O H H 

O O 

o 

O CO  t<3  CO 

to  to  CO  O 

o to 

o 

<7^  I>  to  to 

H to  O E> 

CO  00 

to 

0>  OD  OD  t- 

O <3^  0^ 

lO  CO 

LO 

00  o cr> 

00  O !>  t>- 

t- 

t> 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  to  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

CQ 

• 

H CO  00  o 

00  H H to 

to  to 

to 

to  to  to  to 

LO  to  lO  to 

LO  to 

lO 

CO  l>-  £>  £> 

(3^  CT>  0» 

<3>  0^ 

C3^ 

o t~  o c- 

I>  t>-  ?>• 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

(M  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

Cv3 

• 

lo  o H CO 

o>  O CO  to 

o o 

o 

to  C3>  LO  CO 

00  tD  to 

LO  CO 

C3> 

CD  OD  to  vD 

to  CO  I>  o 

00  o 

CO 

CO  00  CD 

(T^  (T>  CT* 

to  £>• 

to 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H CO 

H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

rH  H 

rH 

• 

03  to  bO 

CO  to  CO  o> 

LO  LO 

LO 

00  -sf*  (3>  E> 

to  O H 1 — 1 

00  t> 

to 

^ 'vj'  ^ 

lO  to  tO  IQ 

to  00 

to 

tO  tO  to  to 

00  00  GO  CO 

-iHt  to 

lo 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H 

rH 

H H H H 

rH  H H H 

H rH 

rH 

• 

tO  H £>  lO 

C»  to  to  C3> 

O C3» 

o 

CO  1 — 1 tO  O 

CD  !>■  00  00 

CO  o 

to 

to  to 

to  H O H 

cr>  C3> 

cn 

CO  lO 

to  H CO  CO 

's}^  H 

CO 

to  to  CO  bO 

H H 

iH 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

CO  CO 

(XZ 

o o o o 

cr»  to  o CO 

o o 

o 

LO  to  o 

O CO  O 

C3>  CO 

LO 

CO  CO  C-  <D> 

CO  O CO  C3> 

to  CO 

. to 

CO  H O to 

to  LO  lO  to 

to  £> 

LQ 

cr»  o o 

CO  to 

CO  o 

O CO 

0^  1 — 1 CO  O'i 

C3»  H O O 

iH 

• 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • 

H • 

♦ • • • 

• • • • 

• • 

CD  • 

H CO  H H 

H H H H 

03  'sti 

H CO  H H 

H CO  CO  CO 

to  to 

nd  IQ 
c3 

ITD  lO  CD  to 

to  O to  H 

LO  C3> 

^ to 

00  to  to  to 

o CO 

C3>  to 

a CO 

0(3^0  0 

I>  H £>  CO 

to  ^ 

to 

H E>  to  H 

H to  CO  OD 

H to 

G* 

LO  ^ lo  m 

{>•  to  t>- 

CO  CO  +3  CO 

m to  LO 

to 

to  CO 

CO 

H • 

O 

03  <3^  O 

CO  H cr>  J>- 

Z> 

£>- 

j>  H £>  CO 

to  H to  to 

LO  LO 

o 

CT>  CD  cr>  O 

C3>  H 1 — 1 O 

'tf  to 

CO  O £>  CO 

C3>  H O O 

CD  H 

o 

HCO  H CO 

H CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO 

•CO 

H CO  H H 

H CO  CO  CO 

H CO 

CO 

vi 

rH 

0^  * — 1 1 — 1 o 

cr>  O CO  C3> 

00  C3> 

•H  00 

t>  to  CO  E> 

O CD  cr>  <3^ 

0^ 

c3  CO 

C7>  O O O 

•«;}<  to 

lO  lO 

Jh  lo 

0»  CTi  CT>  C3» 

O (3>  C3^  C3> 

LO  LO 

•H  uD 

O H rH  H 

H H H H 

o o 

O O 

o o O O 

H O O O 

O O 

5h  O 

• • • • 

• # • • 

• • 

-P  • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • 

<D  • 

o3 

to  i>-  o> 

cr>  LO 

O LO 

a o 

£>  0^  to  to 

00  CO  to  LO 

lO  CO 

cs5  to 

(T>  lO  lO  to 

0^  ^ ^ tO 

to  CM  ^ to 

lO  to 

a 

';}< 

to  to 

to 

^ ^ 

to  to  to  to 

• 

CT>  H to  H 

o O GO  <3> 

to  (3> 

<D  lO 

CT>  to  CO  C3> 

to  o CO  CO 

H O 

o to 

O ^ to 

tO  C3»  CD  I> 

LO  LO 

•H  LO 

O C-  00  £> 

to  ^ to  LO 

O Gi 

•H  (3> 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

H H H H 

to  to 

CD  to 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

to  CO 

O CO 

•H  • 

tH 

o o>  o» 

£>  t> 

00  00 

pS 

O I>-  t>- 

!>£>£> 

CO  CO 

P5 

H to  to 

o CO  CO 

o o 

CQ 

00  00  00 

lO  LO  LO 

o o 

CQ 

• • • 

• • • 

# • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • 

SP 

CO  CO  CO 

H H H 

to  to 

M 

CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to 

LO  LO 

H 

CO  pq  o 

Crt  PD  O 

CO  pq 

O 

to  CP  o 

^ CP  o 

LO  pq 

O 

^ • 

<3^ 

« 

<3>  • 

C3>  < 

Gi 

• 

^ > 

^ !> 

s > 

* S 

o ■<! 

O <i 

< 

H <il 

H <i 

! rH 

iH 

H 

H* 

iH 

rH 

H 

bD 

•H 

iH 

>r} 

Sh 

c3 

,c: 

•H 

(D 

M 

o 

J-4 

PP 


ll 


TABLE  7 ContM. 


O o o o 

to  to  to  to 

o>  O CTi  cr> 

to  to  to  to 

iQ  a>  (j>  H 

H O O O 

lo  uo  to  lo 

to  to  to  to 

lO 

to  tO  tO  tO 

O <j^  cr>  o 

to  tQ  tQ  tQ 

o|  o 

^ 1 

W W CV2  cvj 

H H H H 

C3  C3  02  02 

H H H H 

1 — 1 O O 1 — 1 

H i~l  H H 

•p  ^ 

ca  00  CO  o» 

J>  to 

0>  O 

02  CO  CJ>  to 

o O <J>  to 

00  (3^  «;}( 

o 

lO  rH  O H 

to  o o o 

O O H H 

O O O O 

O H O O 

H O H 

0 0)  H 

Ph  O Ph 

r*4  rH  rH  rH 

• H H H 
r-l 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H 

CO 

iH  *st<  tO 

to  <J>  H 

to  cr>  -tjH  to 

H O to  H 

O O O E- 

tQ  O D 

O C7»  •«;J<  to 

03  to  to  O 

to  ct2  02 

lO  H CO  CO 

to  to  O tQ 

E~  ^ H 

O i— 1 H rH 

t<i  to  to  to 

H O CO  O 

to  H to  (02 

CO  to  CO  tJ( 

ro  tQ  'sH 

iH  iH  rH  HI 

02  03  03  03 

H H H 

<02  (02  (03  (02 

tQ  ^ 'tji  tH 

H <02  (02  (02 

O 0»  CT>  to  , 

't}^  H to  to 

to  00  H CD 

£>  t-  (02  (02 

(02  tQ  H C7> 

IQ  (J^  <T>  crv 

OlJ> 

^ lO  to  lO 

to  H H to 

CT>  O cr» 

00  CO  O 

CD  O 00  00 

to  tQ  IQ  IQ 

^ 1 

CO  00  CO  00 

CO  a>  CO  CO 

CD  CTj  CO  CO 

00  00  C7i  CO 

E-  00  E-  E- 

0>  E-  E~  E- 

o 

CO  a*  Gi  (T> 

O CO 

to  to  to 

CO  00  C7^  00 

•sf<  O CJ>  H 

to  CT>  C?^  Cj^ 

00  CO  CO  CO 

C3^  o o>  a> 

o o o o 

o o o o 

O O (7^  O 

<02  CT»  CT> 

>•  1 r» 

o o o o 

O H O O 

1 — 1 H H H 

H H H H 

H H O H 

H o O <5 

B 

to  c-  o 

O to  to 

cr>  H CO  ct4 

E"  E>  CO 

to  cQ  CD 

-=4(  E~  E-  £> 

to  to  to  to 

to  >sH  ^ 

to  to  to 

J>  t-  £>  E- 

tQ  (02  <02  <02 

lO  G»  G>  G> 

(M  CQ  03  CO 

C'3  03  02  02 

02  02  02  02 

(02  (02  (03  (02 

(02  <02  <02  (02 

<02  H H H 

om 

£>  J>-  C-  C- 

o o o o 

•^}^ 

to  to  to  to 

IQ  IQ  tQ  tQ 

<03  O O O 

«X)  to  o o 

to  lO  to  to 

to  to  lO  to 

IQ  to  to  lO 

(02  (02  <03  (02 

o o o o 

03  02  02 

02  03  02  02 

02  02  02  (C2 

(02  (03  (02  (02 

<02  (02  Cv2  <03 

C\2  (02  (02  (02 

M 

lO  lO  to 

02  lO  H to 

H H H H 

O O O O 

E-  to  CT» 

iQ  CT>  C7>  cr» 

o 

to  to  to  to 

l>  C- 

to  to  to  to 

10-  I>-  E-  E- 

to  tQ  tQ  IQ 

E-  tQ  tQ  tQ 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

02  to  to  to 

H to  O H 

O CD  J>  £> 

to  tO  E"  to 

>tt(  E-  to  <3^ 

cr>  cTi  cr» 

o 

lO  lO  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

'ttl  kJI  "til 

IQ  to  IO  to 

to  ^ 's}( 

to  (02  (02  (02 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

lo 

02  to  to  ^ 

to  to  to  H 

lO  to  to  to 

to  to  to 

E-  cr>  03  CJ> 

IQ  D D D 

o + 

io  to  to  to 

to  to  to  ^ 

to  to  to  tO 

IQ  IQ  IQ  to 

(03  t;l(  tQ 

o to  to  to 

\> 

02  Cv2  02  02 

t^i  to  tPJ  to 

CQ  02  CN2  02 

tPo  tPj  to  IQ 

■5c}( 

bJ  tQ  tQ  tQ 

cr>  O O <o 

O CO  H to 

o to  cr>  H 

^ IQ  E- 

O CD  ^ E~ 

to  D D D 

to  02  02  b3) 

o o to  ^ 

00  to  CT>  CO 

bQ  tQ  H (03 

sfl  <03  to  E- 

tO  H H H 

J>lo 

o>  o»  cr> 

(j^  CO  o cy> 

C-  C-  E- 

00  00  CO  CO 

tQ  CO  Cv2  (02 

to  E-  E-  E- 

03  02  02 

H H 02  H 

02  02  02  03 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

!>•  to  to  H 

H to  02  to 

O 02  O'  O 

to  to  <02  CD 

to  ^ H 

O (02  (03  <03 

c 

V 

to  *v}H 

O to  CT>  H 

tO  to  to  to 

t}(  ri(  to 

^ H C7>  CO 

Q CO  CO  CD 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  lO 

to  to  to  to 

IQ  IQ  to  IQ 

E-  00  E-  E- 

to  tQ  tQ  IQ 

H 00  CO 

to  £>  O 

^ to  to  <sl^ 

to  to  ^ to 

E-  tQ  E-  C5^ 

o o O O 

J> 

00  t>-  l>  t> 

<T>  I> 

to  to  to  tO 

E-  E-  E-  E- 

CT^  CO  CO  00 

E^  E-  E-  E- 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H r-l 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

I>-  CT>  £>  CO 

0^  CT>  cr>  o> 

to  to  to  to 

E-  CT>  CO  CD 

(02  cr>  (3^  cr> 

o 

to  to  to  to 

CTi  Gi  (Ti 

to  to  to  to 

G>  G^  G^ 

"sH  ^ 

O c^  C3^  cr^ 

o o o o 

O O O O 

o o o o 

O O O O 

H H H H 

H O O O 

to  to  to  ■t:H 

02  00  o to 

to  to  02  to 

to  to  t>  to 

tQ  CD  to  iQ 

LQ  lQ  IQ  IQ 

lo  m to  to 

rjl  «vl! 

lO  to  to  to 

tQ  tQ  tQ  tQ 

^ 

IQ  'tj(  ■ti< 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

■t}(  «sjH  ^ «v}( 

bj  tQ  tQ  tQ 

tQ  tQ  tQ  tQ 

to  to  to  to 

GO  to  cr> 

^ to  to 

(02  (02  IQ  C03 

tQ  O (J^  J> 

t<i  tO  tO  tO 

cS 

o o o o 

to  to  to 

03  02  03  03 

G^  G>  G^  Gi 

1 — 1 (02  H H 

E-  D 00  D 

^ r;Jt 

to  to  tcj  tcj 

to  to  to  to 

(02  <02  (02  (02 

tQ  tQ  tQ  tQ 

tQ  tQ  tCJ  tQ 

to  to  to 

J>  t>  E> 

o o o 

H H H 

tQ  IQ  tQ 

O <03  (02 

to  tO  to 

t>  t>-  I> 

to  to  to 

O O O 

H H H 

to  CT>  C7^ 

g5|0 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

# • • 

• • • 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

to  lO  to 

tQ  tQ  tQ 

(02  (02  (02 

tQ  tQ  IQ 

03  pq  o 

to  pq  O 

pq  o 

IQ  pq  O 

to  pq  o 

E~  iCq  o 

• • 

CO  • 

CD 

CD  . 

CO 

(02  • 

(02  • 

^ \> 

^ > 

^ > 

^ > 

S K=- 

>5^ 

CQ  *=lj 

C\2  <=A 

03  <3^ 

(02  <sj 

tQ  <i\ 

IQ  <A 

o 

rH 

rH 

H 

H 

rH 

*H 

Omitted  in  average,  high  v/ater  content 


103 

,oI  o 
^ 1 

O C7^  O tQ 
Cv2  O iH  rH 

(T>  (XJ  <X2  'cjl 

(7>  <75  cr>  cr» 

C75  Cv2  H H 
^ LO  lO  LO 

CM  CO  CO  CO 
O O O O 

^ 'rfl  LO  LO 
CD  CD  CD  CD 

LO  H H (75 
sil  LO  LO  siH 

H H f~l  iH 

O O O O 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  to  CO  CO 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H rt  o 

to  t>  H Z> 
O O H O 

H CO  LO 
O O O O 

CO  lo  to  to 

CM  ex'?  H CM 

O J>  H 00 
O O H O 

H CM  CM  t> 
Ct2  H H H 

00  CD  CM  to 
H O r~l  H 

O O 1 — 1 
PM  O pq 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

H H H H 

1 — 1 H 1 — 1 1 — 1 

H H H H 

CO 

VD  lO  lO  CO 
^ <7^  CD  O 
CD  CV2  <M 

C^2  to  t<5 

D-  O O C75 

CO  to  CO 

CO  CO  <75  £>■ 
'=^1  tj<  'tH 's}^ 

to  (M  't}i 
to  CO  H O 
to  O O O 

C75  00  -til  O 
tO  O <75  (75 
LO  -tti  til 

LO  <75  CO  '(ii 
H -til  lO  CO 
O H O O 
H H H H 

CM  CM  O LO 
C>  CM  H 

<75  H CO  C75 

H <M  H H 

^ Cv2  CO 
to  to  ^ H 
I>  £>  O C- 

CO  H to  £>- 
to  (75  ^ tO 
00  CO  GO  00 

CM  CM  C75  H 
£>  lO  t-  O 
to  c>  to  O 

O H tji  'til 

O to  H 

O to  t-  O 

O O O 'sH 
c7>  O H O 
tD  O l>-  t>- 

O stfi  LO  O 
to  to  (75  •sil 

to  o 

o 

i>-  CO  m o 
o cn  CJ>  o 

H O O H 

C-  CO  H ^ 
H H H H 

H H H H 

H tO  H CO 
O O O O 

1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 

LO  CO  C75  to 

H H H H 
H H H H 

■';ic  tO  '(ft  'il 
05  o <75  C75 

<D  H O O 

to  O CO 

<75  (75  Oi  0> 

o o o o 

CO  o CO  to 
CO  rH  O rH 
OJ  (M  CVJ  (XJ 

to  to  <X2  00 

00  C-  C-  I> 
(X2  CXi  <M  CQ 

E>  O CO  CM 
to  CO  to  £> 
CM  <M  CM  CM 

C75  CO  CO  O 
O-  O CO  00 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

CO  <75  CO 

to  o to  to 

CM  CO  CM  CM 

CO  <j5  O (75 

to  to  to 

<M  CM  CM  <M 

o 

I>-  lO  to 

H H H H 
C\J  (X2  C\2  <X1 

^ 'til  ’vt' 
'vH  'til  «sH  'tl' 
(X!  CvJ  (Xi  CM 

'vfl  ^ 's}l  'til 

to  to  to  to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 
-til  'tfi  'til  til 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

LO  LO  LO  LO 
CD  CD  CD  CO 
CM  CM  CM  CO 

CO  00  <D  CD 
CD  00  00  00 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

M 

!5» 

OJ  <M  O lO 
to  CtJ  CO  (M 

H rH  H H 

<75  CO  <X2  CO 
LO  CO  CO  CO 
H H H H 

CM  to  CM  CO 

to  tO  to  to 
H H H H 

H 00 

<75  <75  C7>  <75 

H H H H 

O lO  O O 

(75  O <7»  <75 

1 — 1 (M  1 — 1 H 

00  CO  o O 
LO  to  tO  to 
H H H H 

• 

rd 

-P 

o 

00  £>  to  O 
HO  O H 
H H H H 

lO  00  J>  O 
•til  CO  CO  'ii 
H H H H 

£>  H 00  CJ5 
LO  ^ 

H H H H 

I — 1 (75  LO  CV2 
CO  c-  CO  00 
H H H H 

O CM  CD  CO 
£>  (75  C-  I> 
H H H H 

(M  <35  to  to 
•sfi  til  'tH  'tfi 
H H H H 

• 

CO 

o 

o 

£> 

|o 
o + 

ll> 

CO  Cvj  CO  CO 
CD  O £>  00 
to  ^ C<J 

W O O 
to  C75  00  CD 
'tH  'tH  ^ '^1 

CM  O CO  CO 
H CO  H H 
CM  CM  CM  CQ 

O H H H 
(75  CD  O <75 

H ( — I oq  H 

'sjl  CM  05 
LO  P-  t> 
CM  to  CM  <M 

to  c-  to  <xj 
til  to  H CO 
CO  to  to  CO 

0 

•H 

-p 

•H 

•P 

TABLE 

J>lo 

H O to  CV2 
<j>  to  CD 
lO  "cjH  to  lO 

H H H H 

1.142 

1.054 

1.087 

1.088 

to  O CO  CO 
H LO  05  CO 
O CO  tO  LO 

CO  to  CO  CO 

C75  00  O to 
to  (M  O LO 
(Xt  lO  <7>  CM 

^ ^ to 

O to  (75  CO 
';j<  sic  <D  H 
to  CD  LO  to 

(M  1 — 1 CM  CvJ 

to  o o CO 
O £>  £>  H 
(75  <7*  1 — ! O 

H H (M  <M 

c<3 

cji 

H 

olf> 

CO  (XJ  O CO 
(X2  £>  O CO 
yo  tO  to  tO 

'v}l  C75  O 

i>-  to  H CM 
'00  C55  <75  C35 

(75  05  H O 
to  (75  £>  CO 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

'tji  H <M  tO 
CO  CM  LO  CO 
CM  CM  C72  CM 

<D  <M  to  CM 
C-  sfl  <X)  00 
to  LO  to  CO 

til  sil  <M  t>- 
(M  O lO  <75 
LO  LO  til  til 

•H 

bD 

> 

to  to  O 's[i 
lO  to  lO 
H H H H 

00  LO  (M  CO 
to  LO  to  to 
H H H H 

C75  1 — 1 00  CM 
H O H H 
CM  CC2  CM  CM 

to  C-  CM  ID 
LO  to  <til  LO 
CM  CM  (M  (M 

'tfi  CM  1 — 1 CO 
LO  (75  LO  LO 
ca  H CM  CM 

!>•  LO  O J> 
00  (75  H (75 
H H (M  H 

O 

•H 

o 

00  CO  to  J>- 
cr>  C74  <75 

o o o o 

O O C75  <75 

lO  'tH  ^ 
H H H H 

(75  O 05  (75 
lO  to  lO  lO 
O O O O 

O <75  H O 
to  LO  to  to 
o o o o 

to  sil  O- 

C75  O <75  (75 

O H O O 

00  (75  t>-  00 
C75  (75  <75  C75 

O O O O 

^ 1 

C7  1 

,Q 

H O <XJ  CD 
05  CD  CO 

^ ^ ^ 'tf* 

to  O to  00 
<75  O <75  C75 
^ LO  «til  'tjl 

(75  O O CO 
to  LO  LO 
'tji  'tfl 

H LO  C>  H 
LO  -til  LO  LO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  LO  CO  CD 
CO  to  CO  CO 
CO  CO  CO  CO 

O E>  CO  CO 
C75  tH  CO  LO 
til  'sfl  til 

0 1 

#5 

0 

bD 

Cj 

lO  to  <XJ  H 
LO  to  to  to 
(X2  <XJ  (X2  (X2 

CM  LO  CO  CO 
C75  (75  (75  C75 

H H H H 

CO  <75  to  LO 
O O O O 
CM  CM  CM  CM 

CO  <75  o til 
CO  CM  -til  to 
CO  to  CO  CO 

CM  <75  sil  CO 
H CO  H H 
CO  to  t<7  t<7 

LO  (75  LO  to 
(M  LO  LO  th 
(M  CM  <M  (M 

c3 

0 

o3 

c3lo 

O CO  CO 

to  O O 

• • • 

Cv2  <X2  (XJ 

o o o 

CO  CO  CO 

... 

H H H 

LO  LO  LO 
tO  tO  tO 

• • • 

'tH  ^ 'ti* 

LO  LO  LO 
LO  LO  LO 

... 

LO  LO  LO 

LO  LO  LO 
I CM  Cv2  CO 

... 

CO  CO  CO 

O CM  CM 
CO  to  to 

... 

CM  CM  CM 

•H 

0 

■p 

• • 

H O 

o 

00  oq  o 
cu  • 

s > 

CO  <A 

H 

<75  pq  o 
(M 

> 

CO  <s\ 

H 

(M  cq  o 

^ > 

'til  <£ 

H 

to  pq  o 

'sH  • 

tsi  > 

'til  <Ji 

H 

'tH  PQ  O 

• 

sii  «Ji 

H-if 

LO  pq  o 

til 

rH 

■p 

•H 

* 

1 


t 


, ■ 


=^04i: 


CD  »£)  CX)  VO 

■it 

CO  to  to  to 

00 

001 

to  CO  CO  CO 

CM  CM 

CM 

o 

o 

o 

o 

(M  CM  CV2  CM 

CO  CO  CD  00 

to 

to 

iP  iP  rP  fp 

iH  iH 

iH 

pi 

pi 

pi 

pi 

o| 

o 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

^ 1 

d rP  rH  iH 

r-1  iP  iP  iP 

H 

H 

rP  rP  fp  rP 

H f-l 

iH 

rH 

iH 

H 

iH 

-p 

O H lO 

o o o to 

to 

CO 

O cr>  CO  pi 

o to 

IQ 

CM 

E~ 

CD 

iH 

H 

o 

CD  O rP  O 

CVl  t(J  to  C\5 

rH 

iH 

O O O O 

o o 

O 

rH 

O 

iH 

iH 

CD  O 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

pH  O 

Ph 

fp  iP  rP  rP 

r-J  H rP  rP 

rH 

rH 

rH  rP  iP  fp 

rH  rH 

rH 

iH 

rH 

rH 

iH 

O to  lO  CD 

rP  tD  00 

IQ 

IQ 

IQ  IQ  IQ  00 

o o 

IQ 

pi 

E- 

iH 

E- 

lO  t-  O JP 

rP  CM 

CM 

CM 

00  rP  to  C- 

00  H 

pi 

E- 

CO 

a 

CD 

CO 

t<J  CO  to 

£> 

I>- 

O CO  i>- 

E-  IQ 

CO 

pi 

pi 

iH 

to 

d d d d 

fp  rP  fp 

rH 

iH 

IQ  pi  pi  pi 

CO  to 

to 

02 

CM 

CM 

CM 

£P  t-  CO  pi 

pi  to  fP  pi 

cr> 

pi  00  on  pl 
IQ  £>-  IQ  CD 

CQ  IQ 

O 

to 

CM 

O 

CM 

Olt> 

o o CT»  cr> 

H lO  pi  to 

o 

O 

H O 

rH 

pi 

pi 

E^ 

LQ 

I 

00  (J^  CD  00 

CO  CO  00  CO 

£> 

c- 

00  00  00  00 

00  CO 

00 

00 

cr> 

E- 

00 

iP  CM  CM  CM 

IQ  CD  CD  CD 

CD 

CD 

IQ  CD  IQ  IQ 

pi  cr> 

CM 

CM 

CD 

E~ 

CM 

o 

O O O O 

Cr»  CT>  CT>  CT> 

cr> 

o o O O 

o 

O 

O 

O 

cr> 

O 

SI 

S 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • •! 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

# 

^ 1^ 

rP  rP  rP  iP 

o o o o 

o 

o 

fp  rP  rP  fp 

H O 

iH 

H 

rH 

o 

iH 

CJ>  CM  rP  rP 

CM  O tD  IQ 

pi 

pi 

H CO  H CM 

IQ  CD 

CD 

O 

pi 

o 

rH 

a 

O 00  00  CO 

CO  CO  CO  00 

c- 

c- 

o>  0^ 

fp  cr^ 

O 

rH 

CM 

o 

iH 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CO  CM 

Cii 

CO 

CCj 

to 

to 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

o 

lO  lO  lO  lO 

CO  00  00  CO 

£> 

CM 

£>!>-£>£>• 

to  O 

H 

IQ 

CQ 

IQ 

IQ 

a 

O C-  £P  £>- 

cr>  cr>  cr»  CTi 

00 

00 

E-  !>  £>  C- 

O O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  to 

CO 

CO 

CO 

to 

CO 

rP  CM  iP  rP 

H to  CM  CM 

CD 

CD 

rP  CM  CM  CM 

CD  00 

E- 

tQ 

• 

CM 

rH 

CD 

o 

o o O O 

O O O O 

£> 

I> 

00  CD  00  00 

E- 

rH 

CM 

iH 

f-l 

CM  CM  CJ  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

rH 

rH 

fp  iP  fp  rP 

fp  fp 

rH 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM  I 

# • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

♦ • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

pi  IC5  lO  IQ 
CD  00  CO  CO 

to  IQ  IQ  pi 

00 

00 

pi  IQ  pi  pi 

CM  tQ 

pi 

pi 

o 

o 

tQ 

o 

00  CO  CO  oO 

IQ 

IQ 

CD  cD  CD  CD 

CO  CD 

cO 

o 

H 

o 

o' 

r-» 

rP  rP  rP  rP 

fp  fp  rP  rP 

rH 

H 

rP  rP  fp  fp 

rP  fp 

rH 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

o 

H <T»  £>■ 

00  00  IQ  to 

CD 

CD 

O 00  CM  to 

fp  E^ 

CD 

CM 

IQ 

00 

o 

+ 

rP  rP  rP  jp 

O fp  rP  rP 

CJ^ 

07^ 

CO  to  CO  CO 

CM  1 — i 

rH 

E- 

O 

IQ 

E- 

> 

pi  pH  pi  pi 

to  to  tpj  to 

CM 

CM 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

pi  pi 

pi 

to 

pi 

CO 

CO 

• • « • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

00  00  rP  CJ^ 

o o o o 

CM 

• • 

CM 

pi  E>  CD  cr> 

CM  to 

00 

CD 

E- 

pi 

CO  00  o O 

IQ  IQ  CO  O 

rH 

CM  CO  H O 

E-  C7> 

IQ 

00 

rH 

IQ 

pi  to  pi  pi 

CM  rP  rP  CM 

CO 

c3 

to 

to  CM  CTJ  to 

to  t<J 

CO 

cO 

pi 

00 

CD 

l>  o 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

*H 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

iP  rP  r— 1 iP 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

p 

CM 

fp  fp  fp  fp 

H H 

OQ  1 — 1 

rH 

rH 

H 

rH 

CD 

(1) 

to 

IQ  O CO  CT> 

pi  IQ  cr>  IQ 

CM 

P 

CM 

IQ  CD  o>  to 

CO  CD 

•H  CV! 

CM 

O 

00 

CT>  CM  rP  O 

cD  IQ  LQ 

CM 

a 

CM 

IQ  E>  IQ  cD 

CM  rP 

■P  CM 

o 

E- 

LQ 

o 

o l> 

CD  Z>  I>  C- 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

pi 

s = 

pi 

E^  E-  £> 

E-  E- 

•H  E- 

CD 

CD 

IQ 

CD 

• • • # 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

•P  • 
rj 

• 

• 

# 

• 

O pi  £> 

IQ  t>  O rP 

CO 

p 

CO 

CM  00  fp  O 

cr>  IQ 

>“i 

c3  CM 

CM 

to 

O 

CM 

rP  O O O 

CM  1 — 1 CM  CM 

CM 

s 

CM 

cr>  00  CT>  C7» 

cr>  o 

d o 

pi 

CM 

CD 

pi 

> 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM 

0) 

CM 

fp  fp  rP  fp 

H CM 

0*CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CD  £>  5>  I> 

O fp  rP  rP 

pi 

O 

•H 

pi 

IQ  CD  IQ  CQ 

IQ  E- 

H CO 

CD 

o 

CO 

CD 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

O O O O 

Oi  tH 

cr> 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

pi  pi 

c\3  pi 

pi 

tQ 

pi 

pi 

o 

rP  rP  rP  rP 

fp  fp  fp  rP 

O 

o 

rP  fp  rP  fp 

fp  fp 

S rP 

iH 

iH 

H 

iH 

• • # • 

• • • • 

• 

d 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

•H  • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

CQ 

bD 

pi 

H CO  CVT  CM 

O pi  CM  CM 

CM 

S 

CM 

IQ  !>•  CD  CD 

IQ  CM 

•H  pi 

CV.7 

rH 

(XI 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

IQ  IQ  IQ  IQ 

CM 

•H  n 

CM 

to  to  to  to 

00  pi 

P cD 

pi 

tQ 

CO 

pi 

rO 

to  CO  CO  to 

CO  to  to  CCi 

pi 

pi 

pi  pi  d pi 

pi  -d 

O pi 

CO 

CO 

to 

CO 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

to  CD  IQ  IQ 

IQ  CO  J>-  l> 

iP 

(D 

H 

00  C7>  00  00 

1 — 1 CD 

S CT> 

o 

CD 

EO 

o 

O O O O 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CD  d 

CD 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

E-  O 

•H  00 

E- 

E- 

CD 

E- 

cJ 

to  to  t<J 

CO  CO  CO  to 

CM 

CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

rP  CM 

rH 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

• • • • 

• # • # 

• 

S = 

• 

• • • • 

• • 

• 

U 

• 

• 

# 

• 

CO  00  00 

IQ  IQ  IQ 

CD 

£>  E-  E- 

E-  O 

o 

pi 

pi 

84 

cJlo 

o o o 

CM  CM  CM 

C-  -P 

IQ  IQ  IQ 

fp  pi 

hi 

00 

00 

« • • 

• • • 

• 

o 

• # • 

• • 

fH 

• 

• 

• 

CM  CM  CM 

to  to  CO 

CM 

rP  rP  rP 

H H 

pq 

H 

rH 

rH 

CO  pq  o 

cn  m o 

o pq  o 

H pq  O 

CM  pq 

o 

to 

pq 

o 

• • 

E-  • 

£>  • 

00 

• 

00  • 

CD 

• 

CD 

• 

tq  > 

s > 

^ > 

{> 

> 

>i^ 

IQ  cl 

IQ  <tj 

IQ 

IQ  <rj 

CD 

CD 

< 

o 

H 

iP  -it 

H 

rH 

rP 

iH 

fd 

o 

■p 

CQ 

CD 

-P 

O 

o 

tp 

CD 

rQ 

uD 

•H 

r— 1 

■d 

Cj 

•H 

O 

W 

o 

p 

m 

X- 


jfSsKJt^sgaa'iJga'naL.’ga 


f 


■'f 


' f -.w 

• ^ ti 


i 


' ' T »•  < 


m 


I 


Mini  Hi. 


'ABLE  7 Gont’d 


* 


* 


105 


H H H H 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

H cr>  H O 

IN  IN  to  IN 

o IN  IQ  CO 

02 

CO 

rH  02 

J>-  O-  t-  t- 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

CD  IN  CD  CD 

to  to  to  to 

t<j  CO  CTJ  CO 

CO 

00 

CD 

CO 

|o 

1 

iH  rH  i— 1 1— 1 

Cvi  CO  CO  CO 

iH  rH  iH  I— 1 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

02 

CO 

02 

C2 

+3 

p* 

CO 

■cdc  lO  O 

IN  IN  iH  IN 

IN  CO  to  CO 

to  to  H 00 

(X2  IN  CD  O 

o 

HI  CO 

IN 

fH  szi 

o 

rH  iH  O rH 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

O rH  rH  iH 

O O H O 

r— 1 O O rH 

H O O O 

CD  CD  H 
PM  O Ph 

rH  rH  fH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

r-l  H H H 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

i~l  rH  iH  rH 

H 

rH 

iH 

r-l 

(X!  IN 

In  C7>  rH  CO 

CO  CO  LO  CO 

O LO  to  rH 

HI  IN  to  o 

O 

LQ 

CD 

HI 

CD  O '^l^  IN 

IQ  CO  CO  HI 

O HI  H CO 

(X»  O HI  <3^ 

IN  CO  rH  LQ 

to 

LQ 

H 

HI 

CO 

lO  ID)  CO  >s}< 

O O CD  O 

to  H CO  CO 

CO  rH  O CT* 

CO  to  IN  IN 

LQ 

HI 

LQ 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

|H  rH  rH 

H H H H 

iH  Cv2  (X!  rH 

rH  O'*  IQ 

IQ  IQ  to  O 

iH  IN  H C<i 

cr>  (X2  IN  to 

02  HI  HI  to 

CO 

H'  HI 

LQ 

^o| 

CD  O to 

to  IQ  CT>  tO 

rH  H CO  O 

C\2  O rH  iH 

IN  IQ  CO  to 

to 

H O 

CD 

IN  IN  IN  IN 

IN  IN  IN  IN 

IN  IN  to  IN 

IN  IN  IN  IN 

to  to  CO  to 

O 

IN 

IN 

to 

CV2  to  LQ  CD 

(0>  CD  o cr» 

H H cy>  O 

HI  to  CO  CO 

CD  CO  IN  G> 

rH  H< 

CO  to 

o 

O O*  C7>  CT* 

cr>  cr*  O cr* 

I — 1 iH  O 1 — 1 

O O o O 

O O H O 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

B 

B 

H O O O 

• 

O O rH  6 

iH  |H  iH  rH 

iH  iH  iH  rH 

r-I  rH  rH  rH 

iH  rH 

iH 

H 

to  H CD  ID) 

tO  HI  rH  to 

O O LQ  CD 

IN  HI  IQ  1^ 

O IN  CD  CD 

H CO 

to 

IQ 

H O cr>  O 

H H CO  H 

JN  IN  o tOj 

to  o to  tO 

to  IQ  IN  LQ 

to 

to 

to 

to 

& 

10  CQ  (M  to 

CO  CCj  CCJ  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  <X2  <X2  CO 

02  CO  02  OO 

CO 

02 

02 

02 

o 

H "sjc  -ti'  to 

o o o o 

HI  H'  HI  HI 

IN  IN  IN  IN 

CO  00  GO  CO 

LQ 

LQ 

LQ 

LQ 

. S 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

•HI  HI  HI  HI 

LQ  LQ  IQ  LQ 

CO  CO  to  t<3 

CO 

CO 

to 

CO 

CO  to  CfJ  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CCj 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

02  02  CO  02 

02 

02 

02 

CO 

M 

cr>  (X2  iH  rH 

a*  cr>  CO  cr> 

CO  HI  H CO 

CO  CO  to  CO 

CD  00  to  CD 

to 

CD 

OD 

CO 

o 

IN  OD  CD  CD 

rH  rH  CO  iH 

cr>  CT*  CT* 

LQ  LQ  IQ  IQ 

LQ  LQ  to  LQ 

CO 

CO 

CD 

CO 

rH  rH  fH  rH 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

1 — 1 1 — It — 1 1 — 1 

jH  rH  iH  iH 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

|H 

H 

iH 

rH 

CD  IN  to 

CD  IN  O CD 

C--  IN  LQ  to 

LQ  HI  HI  HI 

rH  O to  H 

CD 

CO 

H 

rH 

o 

to  to  to  to 

O O H O 

IN  IN  IN  In 

CO  t<3  CO  CO 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

to 

IN 

IN 

IN 

• 

iH  rH  rH  rH 

CV2  CO  CO  CO 

r~l  1 — 1 rH  1 — 1 

iH  rH  (H  iH 

H H H H 

H 

rH 

H 

rH 

t)D 

•H 

p’ 

o 

CO  CD  IQ  (3^ 

IQ  iH  CO  CO 

CO  LQ  HI  O 

CD  cr>  to  HI 

CD  to  02  CO 

CO 

02 

rH  CO 

+D 

o 

o 

+ 

H O O O 

to  to  IN  tO 

CO  CD  IN  CO 

HI  CO  HI  ^ 

iH  rH  to  rH 

CD 

o 

O 

CD 

CO 

1-1 

l> 

CO  to  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  CO  CO  CO 

02  CO  CO  02 

rH  02 

02 

H 

o 

U 

-p 

<0 

CT*  to  to  IN 

to  to  CO  fH 

O CT*  IQ  IQ 

cr*  cr*  cr>  CO 

LQ  H O CO 

O 

LQ 

LQ 

IN 

CD  IN  CO 

IN  CO  to  O 

HI  O HI  to 

to  HI  CO  o 

LQ  02  02  CO 

rH  H* 

CO 

HI 

•H 

•H 

rH  CO  <XJ  (M 

IN  CD  to  CD 

LQ  IQ  to  LQ 

00  a*  CO 

LQ  to  CO  LQ 

02 

C7> 

CD 

O 

f>  o 

p 

CD 

CV2  CO  CO 

CO  CO  (XI  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

rH  rH  iH  H 

to  CO  CO  CO 

HI 

to 

CO 

HI 

CD 

c5 

IN  IQ  O IN 

O HI  CQ  IN 

HI  CD  CO  O 

to  HI  O IN 

iH  to  HI  CO 

CO  HI 

H 

CD 

fH 

CD 

LQ 

to  LQ  IN  IQ 

0>  (7*  IN  CT* 

CO  H to  CO 

CO  IN  LQ  IN 

CO 

IQ 

U'i 

(H» 

•H 

0|{> 

H' 

CO  to  CO  to 

CO  CO  to  to 

LQ  LQ  LQ  LQ 

CO  02  CO  02 

CO 

CO 

CO 

02 

§ 

O 

O O CO  CD 

02  HI  HI  CO 

cr>  IN  IN  rH 

LQ  H IN  CO 

O HI  IQ  CO 

CO 

rH 

CO 

to 

P 

rH 

H CO  CO  H 

IN  IN  to  I>- 

H^  HI  IQ  IQ 

CO  (7>  CO  CO 

rH  rH  IN  iH 

IQ  HI 

HI 

H' 

nq 

CCJ  W CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

02  02  iH  02 

02 

02 

CO 

CO 

o 

nO 

•H 

ci 

bD 

to  CD  CO  !>• 

CO  IN  CT*  CO 

CO  cr*  IN  CO 

CO  G>  CT> 

(7*  CD  02  CD 

O 

H 

rH 

rH 

o 

cr*  c?^  CT>  cj* 

cy*  CT*  C7>  <j* 

a*  O C3^ 

C*  (J*  o* 

LQ  IQ  to  LQ 

to 

to 

to 

to 

1 — 1 

;-i 

o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

O O O O 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

rH  CO  O HC 

CO  iH  LO  0.J 

HI  IQ  o CO 

to  CO  IQ  IQ 

IN  LQ  IN  to 

rH  CO 

IN 

LQ 

•t 

<a 

0 

CD  IQ 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

•H  HI  HI 

cr»  cr*  C7*  <0^ 

IQ  LQ  IN  LQ 

LQ 

IQ 

LQ 

IQ 

to 

rQ 

HI  Hc 

to  CO  to  CO 

CfJ  CO  to  to 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

H*  H*  HI  HI 

to 

to 

CO 

to 

c3 

c3 

fH 

Pi 

o 

0 

CO  O C^  rH 

00  CO  H CO 

a*  CT>  to  CO 

O 00  CD 

HI  CO  to  CO 

to 

O 

CD 

CO 

5> 

i> 

ctf 

H HI  to  CO 

CD  CO  CJ*  CD 

o o o o 

02  iH  rH  rH 

In  IN  CO  IN 

CO  HI 

to 

CO 

o3 

o3 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

C2  CO  CO  CO 

to  CO  to  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

02  02  02  CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

a 

S 

rH  CQ  IQ 

o 

•H 

IQ  LQ  LQ 

HI  HI  HI 

rH  iH  iH 

O O O 

LQ 

LQ 

LQ 

fH 

cs5lO 

CO  HI  HI 

<T*  CT>  cr> 

iH  rH  |H 

CO  CO  CO 

to  to  tO 

IQ 

LQ 

LQ 

P 

fd 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• 

• 

• 

0 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  to 

CO  CO  CO 

H*  HI  HI 

LQ 

LQ 

LQ 

rd 

P 

O 

P 

P 

•H 

HI  PP  o 

IQ  pq  o 

to  pq  o 

IN  aq  o 

CO  pq  o 

OD 

PQ 

O 

P 

cl 

• • 

to  • 

to  • 

to 

to 

to  . 

to 

• 

•H 

o 

fH  O 

^ l> 

^ > 

S > 

!> 

B 

to  <1 

to  <ri 

IN  <lj 

IN  «aj 

IN  X-  <d 

IN 

o 

X- 

o 

rH 

1 — 1 ■it' 

iH 

rH 

H -)(■ 

rH 

-X- 

* 

106 

w to  l<j  I>- 

t>  c-  to  to 

IQ  to  t>-  to 

to  in  to  to 

CM  CM  to 

to  to  LO 

to 

t}^  CM  CM  to 

to  to  tO  to 

to  to  to  to 

02  02  CM  CM 

C-  O IN  o 

^ 1 

HH  H H 

CM  CV2  CM  CM 

CM  <M  CM  CV7 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

0«  CM  CM  02 

CM  Oa  CM  CM 

i<. 

HJ  ^ 

•^O  CT>  {>- 

to  to  c-  ^ 

04  1 — 1 

04  to  in  02 

02  t>-  to  D 

LO  IN  in  CM 

k 

h o 

H H H H 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

^ CM  rH  to 

CM  rH  0-2  CM 

02  1 — 1 rH  1 — 1 

rH  CM  CM  CM 

0)  <U  rH 
pH  Op:^ 

rH  ^~^  iH 

t— 1 i— 1 rH  iH 

1^1  I— 1 rH  rH 

i— 1 rH  rH  rH 

H H H r-1 

1 — 1 1 — 1 iH  rH 

W ^ W C-t 

O to  to  04 

to  O H CO 

D m CM 

to  IQ  to  04 

D CD  O 

tn 

H a>  rH  iH 

04  O CM  to 

O to  'td^  in 

CM  to  to  IQ 

o lO  o in 

in  04  CM  LO 

to  (M  O O 

t>-  D 04  D 

IQ  to  in  in 

to  to  to  in 

rH  O O O 

<£)  lO  lO  lO 

W CM  H Cvj 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

to  1 — 1 CTi 

H CO  to  ^ 

to  to  to  CO 

04  to  to 

02  CO  CM  £>- 

Ct2  0.2  O iH 

ol> 

H cr» 

D O CD  CM 

CM  to  O CD 

to  D 04  CO 

O lO  04  D 

H H CD  O 

^ 1 

CD  r-J  I>  c- 

t£)  lO  to  tO 

I>-  to  to 

C-  O-  I>-  £> 

CO  £>  t-  £> 

D D IN  00 

*H  • • 

O cr>  t-  04 

D to  l>-  £> 

o o CO 

04  04  O 04 

O 04  O O 

I>-  I>  lO  IN 

q 

O o CJ4  cx> 

O CD  04  04 

O CD  04  CT4 

04  04  O C34 

O 04  o O 

04  CJ4  04  04 

^fiL  S 
^ 1^ 

H H 6 6 

H O O CD 

rH  rH  O CD 

O O H O 

rH  O iH  iH 

O O o o 

O 1 — 1 1 — I o 

t>  to  CD  04 

in  in  04  o 

04  04  1 — 1 O 

to  to  m m 

to  to  o CM 

s 

O CO  lO  lO 

to  H to  to 

•sfl  'tjl  C.3 

•<;H  ^ in  in 

LQ  LQ  m m 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  02 

02  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

. o 

H CD  CD  O 

£>  £>•  t>- 

IQ  IQ  LQ  LQ 

02  CM  02  CM 

IQ  LQ  in  in 

o o o o 

, 1 S 

CO  lq  lO  to 

^ 

tft  -sit 

IQ  LQ  IQ  IQ 

H*  'vH 

to  LO  LO  LO 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  02  CM 

CM  CM  c:2  CM 

K 

CT4  to  lO  CM 

!>-  O O CJ4 

to  -til  to  H 

£>  D CO  D 

C--  to  t-  J> 

in  in  to  HL 

o 

'sfl  v£)  LO  lO 

lO  to 

J>  o to  c- 

£>■£>•£>£> 

H*  H* 

£>  IN  £N  IN 

H iH  rH  iH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

iH  rH  iH  iH 

J 

rH  04  O cO 

H to  to  to 

C34  C4  CM  l> 

to  to  -tH  to 

t^i  CM  to  to 

HL  HL  to 

o 

to  -tji  ^ to 

CM  to  to 

IQ  iQ  IQ  IQ 

to  o to  to 

to  to  to  to 

to  tO  lO  tO 

■p 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

o 

o 

H D to  £>• 

to  CM  to  O 

^ t-  IQ  IQ 

£>  02  'vfi  rH 

to  o to  O 

04  04  O lO 

To 

C74  to  ^ cO 

H CO  to  rH 

rH  1 — 1 CO  <D 

rH  CM  CM  CM 

to  m to  to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

• 

t>- 

o|  + 

to  to  to 

CM  rH  CM  CM 

CM  CM  rH  CM 

trj  to  to  to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

hi 

pq 

o 

iA 

H to  CM  £> 

CM  O O t> 

04  04  to 

to  O H CO 

O O LO 

o o m CO 

u 

PQ 

CO  CO  H to 

to  04  O O 

to  rH  02  O 

to  H CO  H 

to  CM  O CM 

IN  I>  CM 

o 

«a< 

to  CM  04  J>- 

to  to  CD 

to  to  -ttl  04 

H H O H 

I>-  04  CO  D 

to  to  m 

EH 

!>lo 

s 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

to  ^ to  to 

to  to  ^ to 

C M CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  to  to  to 

•H 

H CO  to 

to  to  to  t>- 

to  to  to  D 

02  rH  CM 

CM  to  C- 

IN  c-  CM  CM 

CO 

p 

o|  >• 

CM  CD 

t-  CM  O CO 

i>  c-  CM  in 

to  £>  D O 

to  m LQ 

04  04  CO  CJ4 

CO  {V-  lO  to 

CM  CM  to  CM 

CM  02  CM  CM 

to  to  to  to 

CM  CM  CM  02 

to 

•H 

to  ^ ( — 1 

t>  t>-  ^ to 

O I>  CM  O 

CM  D to  04 

to  CM  CD  04 

CM  CM  04 

0 

to  to  CD 

O 04  iH 

CM  H in  to 

H O O O 

to  £>•  tO  tO 

O o o O 

> 

iH  (— i <H  H 

CM  CM  H CM 

C 2 CM  CM  CM 

CM  02  CM  CM 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

iH 

a 

CT4  ^ 00  CJ4 

I>  lO  CJ> 

O O £>  04 

D 04  04  04 

O 04  O O 

O O 04  o 

•H 

CT4  O 04  04 

lO  IQ  to  lO 

to  to  in  in 

04  04  04  04 

to  IQ  to  to 

to  to  in  to 

tiO 

o 

O H o O 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

•H 

I>-  O H CT4 

CM  '=:i^  CM  to 

o CM  to  to 

IQ  to  I>  to 

04  to  D D 

H O CO  O 

o 

CJ4  t>-  «0 

£>  H ^ sH 

in  in  to 

H* 

LQ  LQ  LQ  IQ 

in  in  iQ> 

'vft 

^ ^ ^ 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

0 

fciD 

04  CM  rti^  CM 

^ IQ  ^ 

o rH  m in 

IQ  {>-  CO 

LQ  to 

IN  D LO 

c5 

Ph 

'sJ^  04  £>  to 

to  CO  O CO 

?>  in  to 

H* 

rH  iH  iH  iH 

D D CO  D 

0 

q 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  to  CM 

to  to  to  EO 

LO  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

r> 

c3 

O iH  (H 

lO  £>  I> 

O !> 

rH  rH  iH 

LQ  LQ  IQ 

LQ  IQ  m 

S 

aJ|o 

to  CO  D 

to  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH 

IQ  IQ  IQ 

CM  CM  CM 

•H 

• • • 

• # • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

CM  CM  CM 

in  m 

to  to  to 

to  to  to 

IQ  LQ  IQ 

to  to  LO 

p 

o pq  o 

H m o 

CM  pq  o 

O PQ  o 

H pq  o 

p 

• • 

CT4  pq  o • 

iH  • 

rH  • 

rH  • 

to  • 

to 

•H 

H O 

^ »> 

> 

> 

k 

>s^ 

CO  <aj 

D ^ 

CO  <si 

CD  <ci 

04  <3 

04  <JJ 

o 

O 

H ^ 

iH 

H 

rH 

rH 

H 

* 

^1 


-.1 


TABLE  7 ContM 


107 


<M  (M 

CO  £>  CO 

t-  CO  c-  t>- 

tH  tH  tH  rH 

(Ji  CV2  CO  00 

c- 

C O Ci 

to  t<5  CO 

lo  trJ  lo  ID) 

to  to  tD  tD 

iH  tH  tH  iH 

02  HI  HI  CPJ 

o 

o o 

o 

1 

1 

iH  rH  H iH 

iH  rH  rH  rH 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

iH  iH  tH  rH 

tH  tH  rH  t— 1 

o 

fH  iH  O 

•p 

to  CD  Oi  O 

to  to  00 

CO  H VO  to 

HI  CO  (T>  I> 

iH  rH  ID  CO 

Ct2 

tO 

o 

O H O H 

CO  CO  to  CO 

to  tJ)  CO  CO 

tH  tH  tH  tH 

CO  tH  O rH 

O 

o o o 

0)  0 H 

P^  o Ph 

H iH  iH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  iH 

tH  iH  rH  rH 

rH  tH  rH  iH 

H 

tH  tH  rH 

m CO  w to 

H cr^  ^ ID) 

CO  CO  to 

O !>-  CO  CD 

O to  O CO 

o 

CO  O to 

rjH  «D  CD 

rH  to  00  ID) 

CO  O 

HI  I>  to  CO 

CO  o>  CD  to 

H 

CO  O HI 

CO 

Lo  a>  CD 

CO  cr>  <j»  o 

Or — 1 !>•  0^ 

00  HI  O H 

O ID  £>  HI 

cr> 

O HI  HI 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  rH  rH  CO 

iH  CO  rH  iH 

CD  HI  ^41  HI 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CD 

ID  HI  HI 

c-  CO  o 

O VO  to  tJ) 

to  CO  iH 

HI  CO  ID  C- 

iH  HI  CD  CO 

HI 

to  to  CO 

£>  o o to 

VO  to  CO 

00  ID  rH  LQ 

O to  CO  CO 

H W H 02 

HI  CD 

o| 

}> 

J>-  (T>  00  CO 

CO  00  00  00 

00  CO  CO  CO 

CO  OC  CO  00 

to  I>  00  £> 

S' 

00  00  00 

CD  CO  C^  O 

ID)  -tji  to  ^ 

H O O 

to  00  I>  J> 

(7>  to  00  HI 

00 

tH  O O 

o 

p) 

O i~H  O iH 

o o o o 

O O CT>  O 

cr>  <y>  OS  o> 

00  cr> 

cr> 

O O O 

r— 1 rH  H H 

rH  tH  rH  iH 

• 

iH  iH  O rH 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o 

tH  tH  rH 

to  CD 

I>  -vfi  CO  'sit 

00  ID  rH  ID 

O to  CO  CO 

CTi  CO  CO 

CO 

H CO  O 

a 

lO  OO  lo  lO 

'vlt 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

CO  ID  ID  HI 

£>• 

VO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  C-2 

CO  CO  CO  02 

CO  CV2  CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO 

< 

lO  to  ID)  ID) 

lO  to  lO  lO 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

O O O O 

GO  C- 

00  CO  H 

. a 

to  to  to  to 

to  to  to  to 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

vO  vO  to  to 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

to  O o 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

CO 

CO  CO  CO 

K 

to  C>  sfi  ID) 

O C7>  CO  0^ 

CO  iH  G>  1 — 1 

O 00  CO 

O HI  ^ CT> 

tD  HI  CD  H 

o 

t>-  VO  to  to 

00  00  t>-  00 

c-  o o c- 

CD  ID  ID  HI 

ID 

VO  to  to 

rH  rH  iH  H 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

rH  tH  iH  iH 

tH  tH  iH  tH 

rH  tH  rH  tH 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

C7»  CO  O O 

CT>  CO  l>  CO 

VO  >^;}l  to 

HI  to  ID  ID 

iH  00  O tD 

o 

0»  CO  to 

o 

CO  to  to  to 

lO  lO  ID)  ID) 

vO  tO  VD  to 

to  to  to  to 

CO  CD  HI  CD 

H*  'vH  HI  HI 

rH  rH  iH  iH 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

iH  rH  tH  iH 

tH  rH  iH  iH 

tH  rH  iH  iH 

iH  tH  tH  iH 

CO  £>  H to 

IN  vO  ID  (J> 

to  00  VO  £>- 

cr>  tD  ID  to 

CO  £>  to 

ID 

J>  00  £> 

O 

£>  O t>-  CO 

lO  ^ 

CD  CO 

rH  CD  CO  CO 

CO  HI  t£)  HI 

HI 

tD  ID  D 

o 

+ 

to  ^ to  to 

to  to  to  to 

CD  CD  tD  CD 

HI  HI  HI  H* 

CD  tD  tD  tvj 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

O to  <D 

CO  >sH 

C-  Oi 

O rH 

1>-  O t- 

00 

1 — 1 CO  o 

Oi  03  CTJ  rH 

o cr>  o to 

CD  VO  to  to 

CO  H to  HI 

O CO  CO  o 

HI  HI  cO  o> 

O ■«;il  CO  «D 

CO  CO  G>  CD 

CO  0>  O CT> 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

iH  CO  i>  cr> 

CO 

iH  tH  rH 

>\o 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  iH 

1 — 1 1 — 1 CO  t — 1 

tH  iH  rH  rH 

CO  iH  H rH 

tH  rH  tH  iH 

O to  CO  CD 

Ct2  0’>  vO  tO 

O O ID  CO 

H HI  O CD 

ID  O CO 

CO 

to  ID  rH 

CJ>  CO  O CO 

lO  CO  CO  to 

CD  H 00  O 

CO  vO  HI  HI 

tD  £>  CO 

O HI  HI 

o|{> 

ID)  vO  O to 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

ID  ID  ID 

O £>  I>-  I> 

HI  ID  ID  ID 

CO 

CO  00  CO 

to  to  H CD 

to  O C- 

cy>  ^ CO  tD 

HI  to  O O 

CO  tD  H HI 

H O ID  ID 

to  'sjl  <0  lO 

CO  00  0»  CO 

CO  cr>  O CT> 

0 0^00 

0>  00  I>  00 

CO 

£>-  C- 

> 

rH  rH  rH  r-1 

iH  iH  rH  iH 

H H CO  H 

CO  rH  W CO 

tH  iH  tH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  H 

CO  o CO  cr> 

iH  O O O 

O CTi  00  CT» 

I>  O 00  CO 

HI  £>  cr> 

ID  cr>  CO  o- 

cr>  o cr>  CT> 

O O O O 

O CTk  (J^  cr> 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

o>  o>  cn  cr> 

H*  HI  HI  HI 

o 

O H O O 

iH  iH  iH  rH 

H O O O 

tH  rH  rH  rH 

O O O O 

iH 

rH  rH  iH 

cn  H CO 

ID  to  CO  to 

CO  o to  <j^ 

ID  CO  to  vO 

H (D  ID  CD 

ID 

CT»  O 

CO  O (T> 

ID  ID  ID  ID 

ID  ID  HI  'ti' 

HI  HI  HI  HI 

£>  tD  HI  ID 

CO 

HI  HI  to 

rO 

lO  ^ 'tjl 

to  to  CO  to 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

CD  CD  tD  ID 

Hi  HI  HI 

HI  HI  H*  HI 

J>  to  OJ  o 

rH  CO  CO 

O HI  t>- 

HI  CO  to  to 

l>  rH  ID  00 

o> 

CO  O £> 

lO  "HI  to 

vD  ID  ID  ID 

to  ID  ID  ID 

O O O O 

CD  CO  CO  to 

00 

CD  CD  H 

ra 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

to  to  to  to 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

ID  tD  CD  CD 

CO  CO  CO  CO 

,H  W CV2  CO 

to  to  to 

ID  ID  ID 

CO  CO  CO 

to  vO  to 

CO  00  CO 

o 

ID  ID 

ID)  lo  ID) 

ID  ID  ID 

ID  ID  ID 

o o o 

ID  CO  00 

CD 

ID  ID 

010 

• • « 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

# 

• • 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  to  to 

CD  CD  CD 

CO  CO  CO 

CO  CO  CO 

I— I 

H tH 

CO  pq  o 

CO  pq  o 

c-  pq  O 

CO  pq  o 

pq  o 

o 

pq  o 

• « 

CO  • 

iH  • 

iH  • 

rH  ♦ 

CO 

• 

H O 

> 

pq  > 

pq  > 

>st3 

cy>  <i5 

'O^  <il 

O <1^ 

o < 

O <a| 

o 

•<! 

O 

H 

fH 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

m 


108 


^ 1 

CO  CT»  (T>  cr> 

t>-  lO  lO  t£) 

£>  to  C-  tCJ 

CV7  CO  to  C<i  1 

t — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 

LQ 

LQ  IQ  C7 

o 

lo 

C--  t-  D-  I>-| 

o o o o 

H CM  CM  07 

rH  rH  rH  r-l 

07 

b3  LO  to 

1 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

07  07  07  07 

r— 1 iH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H H H H 

rH 

iH  rH  rH 

■P  *5 

to  to 

rH  CD  lO  00 

CM  C3^  CM 

CO  00  CO  tCi 

CT>  H CM 

to 

IQ  to  O 

fH  9 

to  CV2  O H 

H*  rH  07  CM 

rH  rH  O rH 

O rH  rH  rH 

O iH  rH  rH 

o 

O O o 

0)  (1)  |H 
PM  O Pq 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

iH  rH  r~l  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rM 

rH  1-7  iH 

O 

£>  CO  I>  O- 

CO  H O to 

to  Ct7  00  •t^Ji 

O to  O '=d< 

00 

to  CQ  CV7 

O rH 

t>-  O rH  «D 

C-  O 

0->  CM  00  CO 

(T»  to  to 

to 

CM  HI  rH 

CO 

H '=d<  CV2  to 

O crt  cr> 

cr>  CM  I>-  CT> 

CM  0.7  to 

CO  CM  b- 

o 

CM  r-H  O 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

iH 

CM  to  CM  CM 

CM  CM  07  CM 

C7 

to  bo  CO 

H*  to  00  1 — 1 

t-  CO  CO  H 

CM  !>■  l>-  CM 

CO  cr>  CT>  C7^ 

O O rH  07 

CT> 

CM  C b- 

o 

\> 

C-  CM  rH  CV2 

iH  CT>  CTi  £>- 

H'  1 — 1 O 

CO  o to  to 

'si<  CM  LQ 

CM 

to  to  o 

m 

ID  O to  <D 

00  I>-  CD  CO 

CD  CD  00  00 

CD  CO  CD  00 

b- 

CO  CD  CD 

O CO  0.7  CM 

O -tfc  to 

(-1  t>-  Ct7  O 

CM  rH  to  CM 

b~  b~  b~  b~ 

CD  C b- 

mo 

CT>  O O O 

O O O O 

O CT>  O O 

O O O O 

0»  Gi  G>  G» 

C3^ 

O CT> 

O rH  rH  rH 

H rH  H H 

• 

rH  O rH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

o o o o 

O 

O rH  O 

i 

rH 

rH 

LO  CM  to  O 

to  CO  00  IQ 

CM  rH  CM  C7 

tO 

CO  to  CM 

a 

cr>  o o o 

C7>  CTi  CTi  CTJ 

CO  CM  to  CO 

CM  07  CM  IQ 

LQ  IQ  LQ  LQ 

bi 

HI  -HI  HI 

H CO  Cv7  CV7 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CM  C\7  CM  CM 

CM  CM  07  CM 

CM  CM  CM  C7 

CM 

CM  CM  CM 

o 

o o o o 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

CO  <70  CO  O 

O O O O 

O O O O 

O 

b-  b-  00 

a 

o o o o 

CT>  CT>  CTi  C3^ 

CO  CM  CM  CO 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

to  to  to  to 

LQ 

HI  HI  ■H' 

Cv7  oa  0.7  07 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

CM  CM  CM  07 

CM 

07  CM  CM 

K 

CT>  ^ 

£>  O O CT> 

CO  00  CM  00 

00  C-  CT>  CO 

£-  to  b-  b- 

<D 

CT>  O to 

o 

H 07  07  07 

CO  to 

CO  CO  CO 

LO  LQ  LO  LQ 

b-  b~  t>  b- 

CO 

LCJ 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

(H  rH  rH  [H 

H H H H 

rd 

rH  rH  rH 

• 

fd 

LQ  cy>  C7i  <js 

^ J>.  £>  to 

S>-  ^ t-  bO 

IQ  to  LQ 

LQ  HI  LQ  LQ 

tO  to  to  tO 

rH 

HI  IQ  o 

o 

o o o o 

CM  07  07  CM 

rH  CM  07  CM 

'sH  ^ 'tit  ^ 

CM 

bO  bi  to 

+= 

rH  rH  iH  |H 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

H H H H 

rH  rH  rH  iH 

rH 

rH  iH  iH 

o 

o 

^ c- 

' O to 

o->  CM  O 

rH  07  CO  O 

07  to  to  O 

cr> 

H CT»  O 

o 

00  CO  CO 

to  lO  IQ 

rH  to  O 

to  £>-  O 

CO  CM  CO  b7 

to 

C9  00  CO 

o 

o 

+ 

> 

07  07  07  07 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

<1  C<j  to 

C<J  CO  CO  CCJ 

^ 'sj<  tfi 

b7) 

CO  CO  CO 

a 

H'  to  to 

rH  00  CD  CM 

O to  O CM 

to  CM  C7 

b-  to  O -sil 

O 

b-  O to 

O £>-  <y>  CO 

to  to  £>• 

(ji  to  o to 

(0^  to  O 

iH  H*  rH  <77 

H 

C7  b-  b^ 

rH 

tO  cr>  cr>  o 

to  £>  to  LO 

O O to  5>. 

bj  bQ  b:>  to 

b- 

tO  LQ  tO 

EH 

0 

A 

rH  rH  H 

to  07  07  07 

CO  CM  CM  CO 

iH  rH  rH  iH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  r— 1 rH  iH 

H 

Cv7  H bi 

C7>  H rH  ?>- 

CTi  to  to  O 

O CO  O CD 

00  to  CO  IQ 

HI  b-  CM 

07  O O O 

0>  'sf  CM 

(H  to  to  LO 

CO  to  O 00 

IQ  ^ to  IQ 

00 

rH  CO  iH 

o|}> 

I to 

CM  CO  CO  t<j 

£>  LO  to  to 

LQ  IQ  to  IQ 

b-  b-  b-  b- 

LQ 

O to  tO 

1 to  H 07  07 

rH  07  CM  CO 

0>  to  O 

to  CO  00  b 7 

LQ  CD  to 

to 

iH  b-  I— j 

I CO  lO  lO  lO 

O CD  CO  CO 

CO  J>-  IQ  lO 

£>.  J>  to  C> 

Gi  G^  G>  Gi 

O 

to  LQ  to 

> 

iH  iH  rH  rH 

CM  rH  rH  rH 

rH  iH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  iH  iH 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH 

rH  iH  rH 

CT>  rH  1 — 1 rH 

O CM  CM  H 

O 00  O CTi 

CM  rH  CM  07 

CO  b-  00  CO 

b- 

CT>  O CT> 

lO  O O tO 

rO  to  tO  to 

O (7>  O CT> 

O O O O 

HI  "sji 

cr> 

G>  O 

o 

o o o o 

O O O O 

rH  O rH  O 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

rH  rH  iH  rH 

o 

OHO 

G>  vO  lO  «0 

07  O O O- 

CM  rH  to 

to  x;H  00  to 

to  LQ  to  to 

b- 

00  O C7 

O to  «0 

LO  to  O LO 

O to  to 

LQ  LQ  IQ  IQ 

CD 

HI  LQ  to 

rQ 

'v}t 

to  t<i  tCJ  CO 

lO  ^ 

CO  bO  CO  bJ 

bO  CO  to  CO 

HI  HI  HI 

CJi  07  07  07 

J>  to  to  to 

Cr,  CD  to  rH 

cr>  b-  CM  C7> 

H O CM  H 

O 

07  CO  CO 

O 07  07  07 

CO  o>  cr»  CTi 

lO  CO  Cr>  CO 

to  to  O to 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

IQ 

cr>  07^  b- 

dJ 

CO  to  to  to 

CO  to  to  to 

CM  CM  CM  CM 

b7)  to  CO  to 

bO  to  CO  b7( 

CM 

CM  CM  CM 

CO  CO  CO 

rH  rH  rH 

CO  'tfl 

CO  CO  CO 

O O O 

b- 

b)  CO 

07  07  07 

lO  C7>  <J^ 

tO  to  to 

rH  rH  rH 

IQ 

G>  CT> 

C3  O 

• • • 

# • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• • • 

• 

• • 

lO  lo  lO 

to  to  tO 

CM  CM  CM 

CO  to  to 

CM  CM  CM 

CM 

CM  07 

PQ  o 
CO 

LO  pq  o 

to  pq  o 

I^q  o 

CM  pq  O 

to 

pq  o 

• 

• 

• 

to  • 

LO 

CO 

CM  • 

CM 

• 

iH 

o 

H {> 

a !> 

> 

S 

Hr* 

07  -aj 

rH  <) 

H < 

rH 

CM  ^ 

CM 

<A 

o 

* 

CM 

CM 

C7 

CM 

CM 

Omitted  from  average,  defective 


-tc 


w * i 


' ■ 'V; 

\ i 


rs$m 


rd 


•P 

O 

o 


s 


PQ 

EH 


O 

B 


o 


o 


jo 
o + 
!=> 


>lo 

ol>- 


o 


c3 


CJlO 


• • 

H O 

O 


O 


c-  H 

a>  o 


o 


rH 

O 

l<3 


E>  '^J^ 
to  CD 
(M  (X! 

• 


CD 

CO 

<M 


to  (X2 
£>•  CD 
(M  02 


<T> 

to 

(H 


CO  to 
tO  to 
H 


tQ 

lO 

iH 


C-i  H 
in 
H H 


O 

to 


tn  02 
to  to 


in 

H 


H CD 
to  to 
H H 


H H H 


to 

o 

(^2 

Cv2 

to 

to 

m 

m 

m 

m 

CV2 

CV2 

HI 

to 

|H 

to 

O 

HI 

o 

o 

o 

HI 

H< 

HI 

r-l 

H 

rH 

rH 

0^2 

HI 

to 

o 

o 

o 

O 

(0 

♦ 

rH 

• 

|H 

•I 

• 

rH 

• 

r-l 

• 

jH 

• 

iH 

• 

H 

•I 

• 

H 

• 

H 

• 

r-l 

• 

rH 

• 

rH 

• 

iH 

•I 

rH 

H 

r-l 

te 

o 

to 

to 

CO 

00 

1 — 1 

CD 

m 

iH 

to 

O 

m 

C2 

CD 

C2 

o 

c- 

to 

to 

Per 

0 

o 

o 

iH 

(ii 

o 

• 

rH 

o 

• 

iH 

o 

• 

1 — 1 

rH 

• 

rH 

H 

• 

rH 

Cv3 

• 

iH 

rH 

• 

H 

o 

• 

H 

|H 

• 

rH 

H 

• 

rH 

H 

• 

rH 

rH 

« 

rH 

iH 

• 

rH 

O 

• 

H 

iH 

• 

rH 

o 

• 

rH 

O 

• 

rH 

o 

• 

rH 

o 

• 

rH 

m 

m 

<X2 

HI 

GO 

m 

CD 

C2 

to 

HI 

to 

o 

HI 

c- 

to 

o 

o 

CD 

to 

o 

CD 

rH 

CD 

t<2 

o 

t> 

to 

rH 

(X2 

to 

CV2 

to 

m 

to 

CO 

CO 

to 

to 

CO 

to 

GO 

00 

to 

rH 

to 

r~\ 

(X2 

HI 

<X2 

CO 

CO 

o 

CO 

U j 

HI 

HI 

HI 

HI 

H 

iH 

iH 

H 

to 

to 

to 

to 

rH 

<X2 

rH 

iH 

to 

ISj 

to 

to 

(X2 

o 

to 

t> 

CD 

<X2 

m 

CV2 

■ C2 

H 

£> 

HI 

CD 

00 

O 

»> 

to 

m 

H 

CD 

rH 

to 

O 

rH 

m 

to 

rH 

to 

HI 

rH 

(X2 

CD 

GO 

CO 

00 

CD 

m 

to 

to 

to 

00 

c- 

m 

to 

to 

CD 

£>- 

to  to  O to 
Cr>  C7i  O C7^ 


O O H O 


H 00  CJ^ 
rH  iH  02  rH 
02  02  02  02 


CD  CD  00  CD 
02  02  02  02 
(X!  02  02  02 


to  H t- 
in  in  to  in 

iH  iH  rH  I — 1 


CTi  H O CT> 
cj>  O CTk  cr» 


O H O O 


O ZX-  H 

lO  to  in  to 
02  02  02  02 


t<2  to  tn  to 
tO  to  to  tO 
02  02  02  02 


02  lO  CCl 
to 

r— 1 rH  rH  H 


O O to  H 
00  O 02  O 
(X2  to  to  to 


CD  O cr>  02 

to  to  (T»  to 
in  to  o to 


02  02  02  02 


02  •!-!!> 

in  02  to  in 

CD  0 00  CD 

• -H  t 

•r^ 

T-l  to 

t-  P c-  t> 
tH  rH  rH 

• o3  • • 

o'a> 

■<d 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

•H  rH  £^* 

to 

•H  'vjl 

U • • 

O 

iH 

to  O 

(XI  (X2 


O on  to  (X2 
CT>  (X2  O-  to 

to 


CD 


CT>  to  ^ (X! 

^ to  H to 

CV2  02  (X2  C\2 


£>  O 02  O 
CT>  O O O 
O iH  iH  iH 


02 

C7i 


to 

00 

rH 


Jh 
O 
fH 

fH  • 
HP=q  H 


to 

(X2 


in 

in 


PQ  o 
(XJ 

^ »> 
02 
(^2 


(XJ  CD  CJ^ 

in 

to  to  to  to 


ca  (j>  £>-  cr> 
I — 1 iH  02  iH 

to  t<2  to  to 


O O O 

(X!  02  02 


to  to  to 


to  PQ  O 

iH 


to 

<X! 


5 


to  CQ 

CO  00  CD  <D 

rH  iH  iH 


H iH  r-l  t— 1 

tO  to  O to 


rH  rH  i~l  rH 


tO  I — 1 C-  rH 

r-l  02  0 2 02 


rH  rH  rH  rH 


O 02  in  (X2 
00  O LO  H 
to  rH  rH  02 
(X2  0 2 CO  02 


O C-  O £> 
02  cr>  (X2  rH 
00  O 00  CO 


O to  HI  O 
O O O 

• • • • 

O «H  rH  rH 


Ht  CO  o ca 

02  in  in  HI 

<X2  C2  CV2  (X2 


00  o o to 
HI  HI  HI  HI 
(X2  <X2  (X2  02 


HI  tO  to  C7> 

tco  in  in  HI 

rH  rH  rH  rH 


O to  CO  O 
O-  £>  to  Jt- 
rH  rH  rH  iH 


C2  (X2  m o 
CD  rH  00 
to  HI  to  CO 


HI  O 00  Jt- 
in  CO  CD  (X2 
in  HI  to  in 


rH  rH  rH  rH 


HI  O to  to 

HI  O C2  to 
to  C>  tD  tO 


o to  m £> 
to  rH  CO  02 
02  (X2  (X2  <X2 


CO  rH  £>•  CD 

in  H I HI 

rH  iH  rH  rH 


to  C2  HI  I>- 
H m HI  HI 
to  to  to  to 


tD  rH  HI 
CD  !>-  O- 
(X2  Cv2  C\2  C\2 


to  to  tD 
00  00  00 

• • • 

rH  rH  iH 


H O 
rH 


CO 

(X2 


5 


O'  O O 02 

H HI  HI  to 

rH  rH  rH  rH 


to  H IC2  <X2 
H CO  H CV2 

to  CO  CO  to 

• • • 


CO  O HI 

to  a>  to  o 

rH  CD  rH  rH 


(X2  H CV2  02 


HI  rH  O CD  ] 
CD  O O CD 


(X2  O C2  rH 
(X2  (X2  (XJ  02 


O rH  rH  ol  H rH  rH  rH 


HI  O to  t> 
CD  CD  00  CO 
02  (X2  (X2  02 


H CO  H O 
HI  CO  HI  HI 
(X2  <X2  02  (X2 


to  to  to  02 

o CO  00  CD 
to  02  Cd  (X! 


CO  CO  00  00 
CD  (D  CD  (D 
rH  rH  rH  rH] 


to  in  HI  HI 
to  !>•  £> 

H H H H| 


in  HI  i^ 

£>  C'-  £>- 

H rH  H HI 


C-  CD  CO  in! 

HI  in  in  ml 
H H H HI 


CD  t>  CO  CO 

in  m m m 

H H H HI 


CO  CD  O t>- 
H CO  to  02 
HI  HI  HI  HI 


CD  O CD  to 

to  to  to  CO 
to  CO  CO  to] 

• • • 


r — 1 CD  CO  I 

(X2  E>  (X2  HI 
HI  02  to  to 


CD  O CD  to 

HI  CO  HI  £>, 

CD  O CD  CD 


(X2  (X2  CV2  m 
tO  o to  I> 
HI  m HI  HI 


CD  £>  o m 

O CD  H O 
02  H 02  02 


to  CD  tc-  t>- 
CD  CD  CD  CD 

o o o o 


CO  to  CD  HI 
t>-  HI  CO  m 
HI  HI  HI  HI 


HHHhI  H<X2HH 


HI  H (X2  to  I 

o CO  m HI 

£>  I>  C-  £>I 


HI  to  HI 

rH  CD  rH  O 
in  HI  lO  m 


to  02  CO  CD 
O CD  CD  CD 
02  H H H 


H £>  H COi 
CD  CD  CD  CD 

H H iH  iH  1 


m o CD  00 
HI  in  HI  HI 

rH  rH  rH  rHl 


CD  £>  CO  CO 
CD  CD  CD  CD 
O O O 0| 


CD  CD  HI  to 

H m m HI 

(X2  CX2  CV2  <^2 


00  o o 

(X2  to  to 

• • • 

(X2  CX2  C2 


m pq  o 

rH 

to  < 

02 


HI  rH  J>-  rHl 
CD  m HI  to 
HI  HI  HI  HI 


to  O to  02 

HI  HI  HI  HI  i 

to  to  to  to 


m j>-  to  to 

to  O O CD 
1 — 1 (^2  (X2  I — 1 1 


CO  to  CD 
to  tO  to 
to  to  to 


HI  00  CO 

H to  to 


rH  rH  rH 


to  to  tO 
I>  l>-  t>- 

• • • 

to  to  to 


to  pq  o 

H 


to 

(X2 


5 


to  pq  o 

CO 


i=-i 

HI 

C2 


5 


109 


567 


552  .559 


TABLE  7 Cont'd 


f • 

I 


o o 


+3  ^ 

« o 

CD  <D  r-l 
FM  O fiH 


CO 


Ol  {> 


o 

SLS 


o 

S 


N 

o 


o 


o 


>|o 

olt> 


o 


cJ 

03|O 


• • 

H o 

o 


l>  o 

C2  CV2  CV2  (X2 

I>-  £>-  I> 

■X* 

iH  iH  iH  iH 

OD  CO  CO  (D 

£>  O l>- 

CD  CO  00  CO 

o o o o 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

l— 1 p p 

in  CV2  CD 

CO  H o H 

CO  03  02  H 

o 

^ U3  00  ID 

O O O O 

to  H pi  to 

iH 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • • « 

• 

H iH  rH  H 

iH  rH  rP  rP 

I— 1 rP  rP  rP 

<32 

o o in 

m O CO  H 

tn  tn  to  CD 

in  in  o <32 

H ^ cO 

CC2  to  C33  in 

tn  cD  (33 

<32  02  tD  (33 

00  CO  CO 

(02  O 00  O 

j>-  CD  H tn 

CO  CO  03  CO 

's}< 

CD  CD  in  CD 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

to  02  CO  CO 

cr>  t-  o oj 

Tdc 

C33  o o o 

CO  to  O-  c 

cv2  rji  in  ^ 

O (33  CO 

pi  (32  (32  CO 

t-  o CO  (X) 

C33  cr>  o) 

CO  CO  00  oo 

C53  (33  (33  (33 

(33  o (33  <33 

tn 

CD  O 00  CO 

pi  to  to  CO 

iH 

LO  Cr-  to  O 

H r-i  H H 

(33  O (33  (33 

rP  iP  iH  «P 

(32  (32  CD  (32 

iH  rH  rP  I— 1 

6 rP  O O 

rP  rP  rP  rP 

1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 

O (33  (33 

pi  O !>•  (33 

to  in  <33  CO 

CJ3  tn  'p  (X2 

CD  (33  CD  CO 

m pi  pi  pi 

<33  o <33  <33 

T;d^  m m m 

to  CO  CO  CO 

pi  "p  ^ pi 

P in  p ■pi 

'P' 

• • • • 

O £>-  C-  I>- 

C-  I>  J3-  J>- 

i>  o t>-  o- 

£>-  C-  £>  O 

(33  (33  (33  03 

(33  (33  (33  (33 

(33  <33  (33  <33 

CJ3  CT>  C73  C3 

CO  CO  CO  to 

CO  Cti  CO  CO 

to  CO  CO  to 

to  to  tn  to 

• • • • 

m H £>-  CO 

CO  tn  tn  CD 

CO  P (33  (33 

£>  CT3  (33  CD 

(32  CO  (32  C2 

CD  tD  CD  CD 

(33  O <33  (33 

O O O O 

(32  (32  (^2  C2 

(32  (32  (32  (32 

02  to  CD  CD 

to  to  to  to 

• • • • 

• • • • 

# • • • 

• • • • 

to  03  in  to 

!>■  CO  CO  pi 

£>  O CO  00 

00  O O 03 

rP  H rP  rP 

in  in  tn  tn 

CO  C33  00  CO 

CJ3  O O <J3 

(32  (32  (32  (32 

(32  02  (32  (32 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

w to  CO  CV2 

• • • • 

C-  pi  cD  C33 

o tn  in 

O <33  to  CD 

£>-  (XJ  CV2  O 

C2  in  to  to 

(32  iP  1 — 1 I — 1 

(33  (33  (33  03 

H CO  CC2  <X^ 

m in  m in 

in  in  tn  m 

pi  p p p 

in  in  in  in 

• • • • 

iD  00  CD  to 

m CD  in  m 

rP  rP  rP  p 

CO  CO  in  p 

(33  o to  m 

(32  P p to 

CO  O CD  CO 

CO  iH  iH  02 

GO  00  CO  CO 

(33  (33  (33  03 

o o o o 

Di  03  (33  CJ3 

• # • • 

o-  cTi  a>  CO 

E>  1 — 1 in  rP 
H pi  lO  C- 

in  (32  (32  O 
GO  tD  CD  t>- 

p p p p 

to  !>-  to  o 

o o o o 

rP  02  iH  rP 

O O O O 

tD  <33  I>-  £> 

• • • • 

• • • • 

• • • • 

(33  (33  (33  03 

rP  rP  rP  rH 

H rP  H H 

iH  P P P 

• • • • 

H £>  CO  CO 

m in  (D  to 

H in  in  p 

m CO  CD  pi 

02  rP  rP  rP 

lo  pi  m m 

£>£>£>£>■ 

(33  CO  <33  (33 

to  to  to  to 

(32  (32  (32  (32 

(32  (32  (32  (32 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

to  to  in 

to  pi  CO  (33 

p (32  (32  to 

P i>  in  in 

^ 

(33  CD  (33  (33 

(33  (33  <33  <33 

CO  CO  ee  00 

to  to  to  t<2 

(32  CO  (32  02 

02  (32  (32  (32 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

ID  00  (33  CO 

C53  H pi  to 

tn  CO  m p 

P in  CO  CD 

CO  to  CO  to 

to  tn  pi  p( 

to  CO  CO  to 

CD  CD  CD  CD 

CO  tC3  to  to 

pi  pi  pi  pi 

P P P pi 

P P P P 

o o O O 

o o o o 

o o o o 

o o o o 

oo  O 

o o o 

o o o 

o o o 

tp 

<32 

CO 

(33  FP  O 

O pq  O 

O FQ  o 

O pq  O 

CT)  • 

H • 

rH  • 

rH  ♦ 

Ph  > 

Is;  |> 

^ > 

^ > 

CD  <J^ 

CD  «P 

CD  <ji 

«D  ^ 

CV2 

(32 

(32 

CD* 

111 


H 

•H 

ci 

tH 

O 

{h 

P 

-P 

0 

ft 

Tri 

0) 

g3 

o 

•H 

nrf 

P 

•H 

O 

& 

pi 

O 

P 

o 

•H 

-P 

a 

B 

p 

o 

'H 

O 

fp 

CD 

CD 

G) 

fH 

P> 

CD 


0> 

&D 

0} 

(D 

l> 

o3 

S 

o 

p 

fp 

<D 

+3 

•P 

•H 


* 


! 


i 


I’ 


t 


iraisai 


■■ 

1 

1 

■■■ 

• -f 


% 


7 B»J| 

WmiwJ^M 

H^lil 

i 


■■f 


i 


liRrSSI 


»■■■■■■■■ 

■■■•■•■a 


!SmKBS:SBSB! 

liniHa  ■■■■■■■«■■  bbi 


!BfflBS 


IB  BBBBBBBBBfl  BBBBBBBBBB I 
IB  BBBBBBUBB  BBBBBBBBBB  I 


IBS! 


IBBBI 


BBSBS 


SBSBRSa 


■■■■■■qj 


■-I 

1 “ 

'-t' 

~! 

■j 


* 

i. 


\ 

i 

1 

A 


iHWI 


-i-U-J- 


T_,  - 

-1  - 

— !± 

Lij 

~ 

j i 

|-;- 

1 

j_(4 

a. 

i,  T 

:i:j; 

- • 

-H-t 

±r_ 

_L._ 

4+ 

imaaaaBi 


--1 

;-LL-| 

,_l. 

j_i 

- 

i 

Fr 

1 


i 

i 


L 


j 


J 


. i_  ’ 

■ ._. 

i 

) 


■ 'k.l''' 
'■-y 


$ 


i 


laiiam 

■■■■■■■I 


'•'O'.  . • • »r 


. ,s 

' •/  ■ 'V;  ■ 

A V ••  ' V. 


^ A 


iBlia  ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■iui 
»■■■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■ill 


iSraaimisSilil 


IBinn 


( 


•:  ,-'v  V, 


A-:.' 

''.'■’.V 


f 


;y 


■TO® 


MS;arl 


\ 


■0  ■ 


i< 

i 

i 

■'i 


isssi 


IBM  iiiiiMBaa 

IBBB  iBBBiaiiBB  BBBBBMBBB 

jBBB  BBBijBB|gj  SDuBBBS 

IBBB  BBBBBBBBBB  BBHBBBBBB 
WBI BBBBBBBBBB iBBBBBBBBB 
IBBB  BBBBBBBBBB BBBBBBBBBB 
IBBBBBBBBBBBWiiBMBBlIBBB 


lismrara 


sa^m 


-11 

. ‘ 

La_ 

laassBi 


IHSSBi 


a^pSsafgBB 


rSirlfliiiUI 


I SHBiBSH  SHH! 


vasasaassi 


mm 


7/  ’ 


iSBESaSi 


SBBSSSsssBBS 


■KKS5B 


I gmiMja  ■■■■■■■■ 


^sm 


Tu-  : ■ 

±'::: 

iMaraiilH 

iSunMUB 


IBBSMBSSSI 


BSB88I 


|S 


aMWi 


/.'L 

— 

- 

: . 

''4 

1 


'A 


iiiSSlgBi 


IKSSHSI 


MOH 


liMM  — I 


IBR! 


!■■■■■■ 


'dxr'i 

S-fr: 

WJmWA 


BnSsni 


SSbs 


J 

1 


±tt’ 

. L_  . 

' 


\ 

i 

V 


1 

I 

!■ 


« 


■■■  M iW 

l»S»S!S& 


'^BS! 


SSssiaS 


rara 


Bsssasi 


iNUl 


!3888BBi 


liiiiiiiEiUsi»3 


I^SsiiBpS! 

.■■■■■■■■■■■■I 


nni 

nan 

ISSSEn 

iisSg 

liii 

■■■ 

■■■ 

n\ 

1 ■■■■■■■ 

IKBBB 

IbBI 

■■■ 

■M 

I 

I 


h 

,•1 


ITT-" 

“trT; 

— 

1 

1 


A 


IB  ■■■■■! 
IBBBBMI 


agsSiUiiiiiiiliiil 


iSSSSSSai 


BBBaaBi 


SSSaiSB^Ba^Bi 


^MHSgra 


sbb: 


1 

; 

~ 

' ' 

“.ti 

L 

j: 

li 

- 

!SSSg:bh! 


issKsrai 


inuniMn  nui 


aSnBBBSBI 


Bra! 


!■■■!«■■  I 


■ 

; O'O 

V 

P 


i’ 


HOSSV 


SSSBS 


V 


i . 


?'  ; 


; I 
S I • 


■ .V*  '.'?•• 


■''6 . 


V 


I3S«8I 


isnRSBUBnrRKs:::; 

irai ■■■■■■■■■■ ■■■■■■■■■■ 
■■■■■■■■■■ 

!■■■ ■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■■ 
■■■■■■■■■■ 


i 


I 

I 

i 


; 


Ti.'!' 

liTi 

L 

tt 

TT'' 

. r- 

:L 

_L 

V 


3 


1 


i 


iSHSK 


tajKce— ->-*  ■■■■■I 


iii:KlE:im:[| 


^jEa:9BsaBn! 


iriinaHui 

*:fflaBSS!i 


— M 

-CT 

-i-‘- 

---h 

J L . 

T - 

n_ 

_r 

1 

! 

i 


4 


1 


I' 


\ 


i 


1 


i 


i 


Hn 


issrarararaoi 


IBSaSB 


isaaMi 


mil 


jeSjaMBI 


aeaaK 


■i 


y 

j 


! 

'i 


IB»K:Si 


I BSaSSTi 


iBmeaeaKma! 


SiiSSSSil 


SBSaRI 


-- H 

-H 

1- 

■'T 

T 

7'X 

1: 

j 

i 

/! 

iij 


i 

t! 

i 


:x 

T_ri 

~r 

-J.  4-^. 

±t 

"■ll 

tr 

-f-pl-l- 

U 

1 1 t 

±rj-l 

\ 


1 


'i 


ibssr;: 


MgBiBM 


BBaBaKi 


'4! 


f 


I 

j 

r 

k 


:4.  ■ 

i !"' ! 

) 


1 


/ 


I 


•* 


I 


'h 


S^aaSHI 


IBSR** 


insssi 


BBBbsI 


BMBSBSS55S5I 


IBBSBSBHaBa 


MMsaaS 


-t 

1~" 

-iz- 

■xp 

-"-1- 

~ 

/ 


-U- 

Tt 

-r 

:lx 

-n~' 

1± 

iX 

XX, - 
XXl' 

~-X- 

-pH" : 

Xl 

x~r  j'. 

'■■i 


V. 


! 

I 


4 . 

ru-:;- 

-i 

/ 


1 


V.  , 


1 

i 

j 

c 


f 


1 


'mm 


isii 


lSIK»i»l! 


i»»SEI 


iissttssi 


i 

, 

i 

! 

1 


masm 


:'.t: 

'.'\4 


' ‘Tr  ■ '44- 

^ 1 : 4 r t ' 

i:;:::'^:  .',.;.:r:- 

\ 


1 

i 

i 

■/ 


i 


1 

i 


• ‘ ’ 

. .\--L 

-rl 

n 

H-l 
• 1 

. 1 

•I 


Is:bs::i 


'■) 


j 


/ 


t 

\ 

i 


4T 


ijXJX;' 


!,.P 
_ ' : -j- 

.1 


1 

■' 


; 


1 


±LEEa 


“H-: 

; ]ri\ 

j '! 

- ' .1 ! 

J 

i 

.1 

' 


s 


] 

,1 


iapii 


'sztiitiaKiisil 


iSSialSLBilli::: 

!9SBS!!SSS!S!S!!!S 


1 


j 


‘I, 

■'] 


. '-i ; 


'r — 

H 

I 


* 

) 


1 


IBKSiK 


— 

:—  1 

- - 1 

^-r;  J 

- .j 

1 ! 
-“'1 

1 

■*  ■ 

!_,_•.  ■ . 

I-.  ■■' 

rti 

!■■■■■■■ 


't* 


t ^ 


■+:i 

i-d 

hoTi; 

; 7-r 

. 1“ 

^ .:’ 

I 'i 

r’ ;,. 

{ 


.r.i't.TJ 

a*] 

±:/-± 

■ 4- 

9- 


/ 

] 

! 

f 

\ 


!■■■■■■■■  I 


i 


♦ 


WM 

mum 

WHIIIIlIrlwII 

jinuB 

1 

^bh 

m 

9 

1^11 

I^HI 

|i^Bi 

m 

1 

H 

— 

H 

1 

1 

n 

^H 

H 

i 

bhH 

1 

Wm 

1 

1 

HI 

IfHII 

ilH 

■ 

HIHH 

IHH 

H 

■ 

^HH 

P^hb! 

i^wi 

M 

H 

||HH[ 

|HH|| 

BBi 

H 

HH 

H 

HBH 

B 

jjji^SBigsfi 

Hi 

s 

^M|H 

\ 

J 


\ 


I 


u»hKss 


IBSSS8BI 


nriiT 


I' 


!SsH:sa:;:::ci 


Ki  ■■■■■■— I liii 

ISSBII^iSS 


!H«| 


mmmsm 


SmBSissKsaisilil 


i3ssa:H»B»i 

!■■■■■■«■■■■  ill 
ii  ■■■■■■—■  Bii 


!asB«ai 


iHS^I 


1 


i 


j 


nHs 

mammmmma 


ES8B 

...jTX 

--T 

.■...t'  v'c  * , 

. yi»*\ 


jitT 

''■'r 

1 

'/ 

( 

i 


] 


:hr 

:f 

— 

“■  _ 

1 

224 


Bb.otograph  Showing  Sample  Splitter  and  Tyler  Ro-Tap  Sieve  Shaker 


225 


j\bsorption  De  lerrainations 


?; 

hi 


,1 


1 


4 


U 


\ 


‘ w 


,1 

I 

a* 


•'  '>*1 


'.-f' 


^ t . t > 

■ ' ■>»' 


I \ 


. \ 


■V 


n 


it  • ' 'fci.  ■ ■ 


: , 


THE  L!B«AHr  /. 
Of  THE 

ONiytRsiTT  uf  laiuaisi  | 


V 


V-fO'.-* 


226 


Photograph  Showing  the  Apparatus  Used  in  the  Mortar  Voids  Tests 


227 


Photograph  showing  the  Apparatus  Used  in  Making  Concrete  Test  Specimens 


2E8 


Photogrcph  Showing  Concrete  Test  specimen  on  plow  Table 
b = 0.45,  c = 0.15,  Wjjj  = 1.30  Wjj^Q 


Photograph  Showing  Concrete  Test  Specimen  on  plow  Table 
b = 0.46,  c = 0.06,  Wj^=  0.84  w^^^ 


nssfiaBZ»j 


Photograph  Showing  Concrete  Test  Specimen  on  plow  Table 
b = 0.44,  c = 0.15,  = 1.03 


E30 


Testing  6 x 12  in.  Concrete  Test  Specimens 


231 


Testing  2x4  in.  Mortar  Test  Specimens 


23b 


\ 


■<> 


i 


4 


I ^ 


f X 


1 ■ 


•.#  . 


•».  ■» 


\ . 

TVf  ^ 


0^ 


\ 


^ ft 

■V  - ' 

•hv.*',  t • 


£27 


E40 


r' 


■..,  ■•  ■'  X ..  .•  ■ _ -V  ,-  X \ ', 

, >'  I •••'•■•:••;.  A**  ''  '.»•'. 

■ -.V  ^ V . 


‘ i 


yi.L"'  ' ■ 


.f 


' 7 


• V 

li  Y . ., 


THfcl{6HA<nf  ; : ' i 

-i.\  , ^ iii.,  OMItt  ■ ■ 7 

'}  t-  ••  ; BINVEIiSin  Of  ILlUIOlSy  j 


m 


rycrf/yro'/ 


/)rf///cia/ 


R43 


iPPSMDIX  I 


OHIGIML  BiTi  MORTAE  VOIDS  TESTS 


ORIGIML  DiTA 
MORTi^R  VOID  TESTS 


lO 

to 

• 

CVJ 


!>^ 

EH 

l-l 

> 

Ph 

C!j 

O 

M 

Ph 

M 

O 

pH 

CO 


lO 

o 


3 

o 

M 

::h 


o 

CO 

FP 

EH 

pq 

O 

« 

pq 

P^ 


d 

d 

p 

o 

p 

o 

• 

o 

• 

o 

3 

p 

EH 

<15 

O 

t/3 

P 

to  a 

jh  +3  3 
•H  ® 'H  rH 

o ft  d p 
> t=)  > 


0} 

• nb  • 

H tH  -H  O 
O O O O 
> > 


W)  . 

H SH  -H  M O 
O O ?H  -H  O 

> om 


0 

CO  © 

ft  a 

aj  ’H 
rH  EH 

pq 


• +> 
+3  ?H 
^ O 


M CQ 

d a 


d 

u 

w 


• 'T#  »d  -P 

H d ?H 

o CO  o 


CO  03 


a 

CO 

_ u 
m w] 


CO 

• o>  a 

P -P  (0 
^ d d 
^ W) 


p 

sq 

0 

a 

0 

o 


- o 
o o 


p 


03 

a 

d 

Jh 


- o 
d o 


•cJ 

d 

CO 


p 


CO 

a 

d 

?H 


d|o 


<>1<  00  H O O 
03  CO  W ^ ^ lO 


o o o o o o o 


03  LO  CJ» 
o o CV3  CO  LO  LO  O 
to  CO  CQ  CO  CO  CO  -5i< 

• •••••• 


H 03  0»  CO  H 03  LO 

• • • • • • • 

CO  CT>  t—1  O It-  LO 
00  00  0>  O rH  rH  CO 

rH  rH  rH  rH 

H 03  0>  CO  H 03  LO 
• •••••• 

(X>  o>  H o r--  LO 
00  CT>  O H H CO 
Ct3  03  03  CO  CO  C<3  to 


o O o O LO  O LO 
• •••••• 

O0300001>- 
to  LO  to  LO  LO  LO  CO 
^ St*  >tl<  '!j<  si* 


O O O O LO  O lO 
• •••••• 

O 03  O I>  O O t- 
to  to  to  LO  LO  LO  CO 
O O-  C-  IC-  t>-  J>  l> 


to  O O O O LO  LO 
O 00  <J>  O H 03  'ti* 

H H rH  H 


O 
O 
I — I 


o 

I — I 

CO 


o 

o 

iH 


LO 

to 

03 


247 


'Ti 

• 

0 

d 

d 

p 

ta 

d 

a 

•rH 

<i* 

d 

o 

p 

d 

o 

d 

X 

w 

'tl* 

o 

o 

03 

o 

o 

O 

o 

03 

O 

p 

CO 

03 

•d 

p 

P 

fd 

p 

11 

II 

o 

P 

o 

a 

o 

m 

m 

p 

p 

o 

o 

p 

o 

p 

o 

+ 

d 

© 

• 

p 

cq 

• 

p 

0m 

u 

P 

p 

o 

d 

EH 

CO 

> 

249 


® 

Vi  ® 

ft  a 

01 

H EH 

W 


•H 

a 


a 


LQO^CVJC^rHCOrH^j^ 

OOf^>~*Cv3cvit:OtQtO 


ooooooooo 


lO 

LO 

0 

0 

• 

• 

03 

0 

>H 

ft 

0 

f— 1 
EH 

EH 

M 

> 

s 

0 

a 

c!j 

ft 

ft 

*=q 

to 

rd  -P 
•H  O -H 

o ft  a 

> 


® 


O 

> 


CT>tOO>COtQ'^'^E>0 

t<5000QOOC\2COrjHtO 

tOtOCvJ(Ml:<itOtOcQto 


Vi 

• rd  • 

H «H  -H  o 
O O O O 
> ^ 


COC^sJ^OOOiOcvjiO 

• ••••*•*• 

C\3'OrHrHC>l-Oi— ItOW 
OOOOOCOOOOOOH 

r-t  iH  rH 


• ClD 

H qn  -H  K 

O O iH  H 

> OS 


o 

o 


oQO'^ooa>Ocvjio 

• ••*••••• 

OJ'-Oj— It— lj>LOHtOCVJ 
OaOOOCDCOO^OoH 

tOCVjCMCvJCVlCvJtQtQtQ 


<q 

EH 

<35 

n 

i-q 


d3 

M 


o 


w 

EH 

OT 

EH 


PI 

M 

o 

> 


EH 


O 


o 

M 

ft 

M 

o 

ft 

ft 

cn 


EH 

Pi 


ft 


o 


ft 

ft 

ft 


o 

Pi  o 


ft 

ft 

<; 

ft 


Eh 

O 

ft 


Fh 

• CO  ro 

+^-p  a 

?H  CO 
O Jh 

S WJ 


lOOiTiOOOtOOO 
• •••••••• 

C~J>COtOGOHOt(3-;;}t 

cr>CX2t:Q'=4<tQCOfttQtQ 


CO  00 

• id  »d  a 

P H 5:3  fH  CO 
O CO  O 

S ^ M 


lOOiOOOOCQoO 

• •••••••• 

C^OOOCOOOHOtQ^ 


fH  00 

• ® a 

-P  CO 
Es  ® Jh 


OOlOOiOXl^OtO 
>=4<lOiQvOOl>-ODoH 
pH  pH 


10 


-P 

0 

a 

0 

o 


o 


-p 


o 

o 


ra 

a 

0 

u 

w 


O 

CO 

to 

I — I 


- o 
0 0 


td 

5:3 

0 

ft 


■E> 


Vi 

a 


0 

5H 

tiD 


10 

• 

10 

LO 

pH 


(M 

pH 


O 

o 

03 

II 

o 

+ 

0 


pH 

II 


0 

•H 

EH 


S3 

ra 

•H 

a 

• 

0 

0 

u 

0 

pH 

w 

03 

M 

ft 

0 

0 

pH 

03 

0 

03 

to 

td 

td 

00 

pH 

>d 

pH 

0 

H 

0 

pH 

fcc-l 

0 

s 

•p| 

s 

?H 

qn 

qn 

ft 

0 

qn 

0 

•=*1 

0 

0 

« 

0 

N 

• 

( — 1 

■P 

•p| 

■p 

0 

0 

ft 

> 

ft 

0|O 


to 

t<5 


251 


►Q^O>'^Cv200iOO'^t“tQtO 

QOOHCMCVJtO^'^'^ljQLO 


qOOOOOOOOOOO 


tQ'^OOHcM'^CVliOsHtO^CUO 

oOcri(X)o>ooa>Or-!H(MtQ'^ 


t0Cv2G0O00Cvjacv2U3OOO 

• ••••••••••• 

i£5io<MCv2a>iocr»ioHOoocvjc\j 

pHrH  t— IrHrHiHrHrHrHr— IrHrHrH 


O^C\JOOOOO(MOCv3lqOOO 

(•••••••••••• 

LQLOWCQo^lOO^tOrHOoOWCvJ 

tQtOtQOacv2WtXItQ^i«^^lOtO 


0>^OOLOOOLOiOtOOOLO 

• •••••••••••• 

HOtOtOOCvj'^CVlCQCvJtOOO 

^^;hiLOj>-!>-cocococO(j»cr>oo 


fH 

O 

LO 

o 

o 

lO 

o 

o 

LO 

LO 

CO 

o 

o 

LO 

CO 

to 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

+3 

1 1 

LO 

LO 

to 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

LO 

o 

o 

Th 

CO 

LQ 

I> 

£> 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o> 

cn 

o 

o 

oo 

o 

fH 

(O 

LO 

LO 

LO 

LO 

LO 

fO 

LO 

LO 

LO 

LO 

o 

O O O OOD 

to  LO  U30 


oo  o 
co(ji  o 

(H 


O LO  o o o 
H (M  ^ 00 

I— 1 1— 1 H H H 


O 

O 

CV2 


O 

lO 


o 

o 

w 


o 


G5 


r—l 

CO 

.r^ 

EH 


• 

rH 

CQ 

CO 

•H 

B 

• 

CT> 

CO 

o 

rH 

’l}< 

f-i 

o 

ClL' 

•* 

M 

00 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

CO 

rH 

to 

•H 

fd 

Ld 

u 

H 

rd 

rH 

ft 

o 

rH 

O 

*=J< 

o 

'H 

'H 

o 

O 

o 

1 

<D 

• 

<D 

N 

• 

1 — 1 

+3 

•H 

ti 

O 

CO 

eo 

> 

fl 

252 


fd 

(D 

ro  <D 


P4 

oj  • 


a 


H EH 


0>^E>HlOCQtOOl>*^trtCvJ 
OH  CvJtO-;l<iOOHHC\JtO^ 


OOOOOOHHHHHH 


O 

M 

>H  EH 
EH  (X» 
M P4 

> o 

<q  CO 

« W 
O <} 


O EH 
M 


o 

fvq 

Ph 


o 

Ph 


CO 
EH 
<J  CO 

eh  ftq 

<jj  eh 

H ^ 
<Q  O 
3 t> 
M 

c!j 

M <Q 
Ph  ^ 
O P4 


»0  P4 


to 


o 

<*3 

CO 


o 

EH 


a 


<0 

CQ  a 


Jh  P 3 

•H 

<D  *H  H 

O 

Ph  PJ  O 

> 

CQ 

• 

H • 

H *H  -H  O 

O 

O O O 

> 

> 

• 

• 

CjO  • 

H «H 

•H  M O 

O O 

Pi  P O 

> 

o S 

!h  02 

cd  S 

• -P  CO 

u u 

^ O t>0 


U 02 

• nd  H 00  a 

-P  H p!  -P  CO 
£5  O CO 

g O tiD 


• Jh 

02 

P <D 

a 

Es  p 

3 

CO 

p 

6D 

O 

o o 


CQ 

• a 

+»  CO 
U 
W 


CO 

CO 


- o 
CO  o 


02 


■P  u 
^ t>0 


p 

<0 

a 

<D 

O 


coio 


(M  W lO  cvj  O 

o 

o 

iH 

lO 

O 

CD 

H 00  si*  cvj 

(M 

w 

to 

lO 

CO 

GO 

lO  -sH  'd  sjH  ^ 

si* 

sj*  Cvl  tQ  H H 

to 

o 

CV2 

iH 

si* 

si* 

• • • • • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

00  to  O si*  lO 

00 

00 

cvj 

00 

iH 

IP 

to  <M  H O 0> 

o> 

o> 

O 

o 

H 

03 

03 

H H H H 

iH 

iH 

H 

iH 

(H 

(M  O H CJ^  U5 

iH 

00 

o 

o> 

CV2 

03 

03 

• • • • • 

• 

• 

• 

♦ 

• 

• 

• 

O lo  H to 

o 

a* 

to 

to 

t- 

to  IP  to  <M 

tp 

CV2 

to 

to 

'ti* 

IP 

IP 

CV2  CV2  CVJ  CV2  (M 

Cv2 

<M 

CV2 

03 

03 

03 

03 

IP  LO  O 

IP 

o 

o 

o 

o 

IP 

O 

• • • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

to  H O 0»  O 

00 

o 

00 

Ip 

H 

CO 

si*  !>■  00  O to 

03 

to 

to 

03 

03 

03 

03 

to  to  to  st*  sH 

St* 

■si* 

si* 

si* 

s»* 

si* 

si* 

0 

0 

5 

5 

0 

IP 

O 

o 

O 

O 

IP 

O 

• • • • • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

si*  o>  00  c>-  00 

to 

03 

oo 

to 

CO 

CJ> 

H 

IP  !>-  00  H N 

to 

'd* 

CO 

to 

CO 

03 

CO 

to  to  to  IS  t- 

IS 

IS 

IS 

IS 

Is 

IS 

IS 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

O 

O 

o 

lOOLOOMPOiOOOOOO 
tO£>ocoao<j»a>OHc\JCO'^ 
I — I H I — I H I — I 


00 

• 

GO 

00 

CQ 

a 

Cd 

• 

p 

d 

O 

H 

O 

IP 

• 

rH 

IS 

O 

o 

si* 

O 

02 

03 

o 

• 

• 

00 

s 

M 

sj* 

O 

iH 

• 

CO 

03 

03 

* 

H 

O 

CO 

«d 

»d 

G\2 

• 

H 

H 

H 

H 

H 

CO 

O 

O 

O 

xi 

si* 

II 

II 

o 

tj 

•• 

«H 

.s 

O 

O 

o 

O 

IP 

H 

• 

+ 

Cd 

<D 

• 

© 

00 

•H 

• 

H 

p 

p 

?H 

P 

•H 

O 

© 

H 

Cd 

EH 

& 

CD 

>• 

n 

si* 

CO 

si* 

t 


253 


d 

*h 

<D  a 

03  (D 
P4  a 
ca  -H  • 
rH  E^ 


OHCMtO^-^iOOOHHC\2 


0»  CM  <0 
CM  CO  to 


OOOOOOOHHHHHHHH 


to 

to 

£> 

id 

• 

• 

CM 

o 

3 

o 

td 

>H 

EH 

EH 

&l 

M 

« 

> 

o 

m 

PO 

ct> 

o 

EH 

td 

3 

M 

O 

O 

pc; 

PM 

CD 

PM 

0) 

03  a 

rd  Jh  -P  P 

'H  ® "H  rH 

O Pi  O 

> {=>  > 


t-  to  CM  cr»  O CD 
CM  iH  O rH  O O 00 
UO  LQ  LQ  lO  lO  CO  ■<;i« 


I>-CMUOCMUD(X)(7>00 

OOC-tOtOCO-M^COUD 


03 

• fd  • 

H «H  H O 

O O O O 


to  to 

• • 

CO 
«D  CO 
H H 


iOOOOCOtO<J>COCQCMOOC-OOtO 

• •••••••*•••• 

CM'^COt>OcJ»HOOCMCOa>'^CT> 

lOiOiO'^'^WtOCMi-IHHCMcM 


H «H  *H  M 
o o ^ :H 
> oS 


o 

o 


CDOOOtOiOOaO':4< 

• ••••••• 

HCMOCMOIOOC- 

HOOOOcoOOOO 

tOtOtOCOCOCMCMCM 


GO  O l>  CM  to  00 
• •••••• 

00  cO  CM  cO 

C^C>CQ'DM0j>-I>- 
CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM  CM 


03 
03  a 
• -p  cd 
-P 

fe:  O W) 


o o 

• • 

CO 
o CM 
CO  to 


OOCOJ>iOCOCOOOOl>00 

• •••••••••••* 

rdCM£>I>-Cr»CO0O^C5«HH^ 

COCOCO'^lOMOI>aoHCMCMCMCM 

tOCOCOCOeOCOCOCO'^'^^'=l’'==l^ 


CO 
EH 
«=IJ  CD 

E^  W 

<q  ^ 

o 


n 

M 

o 


i-q 

e « 

M <? 
« EH 
Q pc; 
o 


o 

o 

;s; 

CD 


I 

1 


CO 

• 

O 

3 

EH 

O 


P 


U 03 

03  a 

fd  *d  p (U 
fd  pi  ?H  ?H 
O C3  O M 

m s 


o 

• 

H 

to 


o 

to 

CO 

to 


O O lO  t~  lO  CO 

• ••••• 

0>  O CO  to  £>  H 

CO  lO  to 

tO  to  tO  to  to  to 


toOOO!>- 

• • • • • 

lO  »d  CTi  0>  O 
00  CM  CO  CM  CM  CO 

to  tO  t-  l>  I>* 


Jh  03 

• © a 

p p © 

^ © fH 

& W) 


p 

Pi 

© 

a 

© 

o 


o 


p 


o 

o 


ra 

a 

© 

^1 

tiO 


- o 
© o 


fd 

P 

© 

CD 


03 


P 


© 

Jh 

OD 


©|U 


oooooooooo 


OOlOOiOOcoOlOO 

■^lOlOtOtOOC-OOOOO 


H O O O O 
O H CM  CO 

rd  id  rd  rd  rH 


O 


CO 

c» 


CM 

• 

CM 

CO 

CM 


lO 

CM 

o 


O 

O 

CM 


00 

to 

o> 


d 

03 

•d 

a 

© 

o 

Pi 

o 

CiD 

M 

to 

GO 

o 

• 

O 

CM 

to 

»d 

«d 

H 

H 

«d 

id 

O 

id 

O 

II 

id 

m 

O 

m 

II 

tH 

O 

O 

P 

O 

id 

O 

+ 

© 

© 

• 

•H 

• 

rH 

Pi 

•H 

P 

O 

© 

EH 

CD 

> 

I. 


Date  March  21,  1921 


254 


EH 


CO 

EH 

CO 


a 


^ o 

C*5  (ii 
I — I «aj 
M EH 
O « 

o 


o 

o 

• 

CVJ 

>H 

EH 

M 

> 


C*3 

O 

M 

M 

O 

P^l 

Ph 

CO 


fd 

<D 

(0 

© 

00 

o 

!>• 

to 

CvJ 

00 

to 

H 

o 

CVJ 

ft 

a 

O 

CvJ 

CVJ 

to 

CO 

to 

o 

rH 

CVJ 

CVJ 

© 

•H 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 

H 

EH 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

o 

o 

fH 

rH 

rH 

rH 

to 


125 

O 

M 

EH 


O 

CO 

PO 


o 

p 

CO 


CO 


o 

EH 

O 


OQ 

• ri::^  • 

H tH  ‘H  o 

O O O O 
> > 

(jD  • 
H tH  -H  [xj  O 

O O fH  O 

> O ^ 


U CQ 

• cd  a 

■+J  +3  CO 

^ m ?H 

o C3 


fp  H s4 

O CO 


CO 

•rH 

o 

> 


u +> 

ft  s4 
p 


CQ 

a 

co  cd 
-p  Jh 
C5 
o 


CQ 

• M a 

■P  © CO 
^-P  fH 
CO  cif 
& 


-p 

© 

a 

© 

O P 


- o 

o o 


nO 

© 

CO 


cb 


a o 
o 


© 

si 

?H 


cb 


©|o 


U5CDtOOlO’tl<lOCO'=4<Hxii<l> 

iOCOtOCV3HOOH(M'd<<^a> 


lO  Ho>  lOtOiOiOoOiOiO 

• •••  •••••••• 

CO  ^ cvjto  5^CT>OCOCDtOI>iO 

CVI  H HO  OCrtOOOHW'-cH 
H I — I H I — I H H H H H H H 


OO^tO'siiOCDOOCvJlOO 
• ••••••  •••• 

I — I H o^'^CVjtOOOHiDCO  1-0  CO 
OtOlQlOLO'tj<'<!jCiQlOtOI>C7> 
Cv3CVl02CVjCv3Ca0JCVJCvJCVjCv20I 


0»OiQlOiOOOiQiOiOiOO 
• ••••••••••a 

iOiOtO(MOCOLn':^COtOOCv2 

iOoCOOHCvJCMOJCMCMWH 


OCOiOiOlOOOiOiOiOlOO 
• ••••••••••• 

COJO<J>lOlOtOOOOtOtOCOiO 

fcC3l0t0G00>OOOO©OCJ» 

tototototooooot-oto 


OlO  LO  o 

OOOOlOOlOOOHCOtO 

sJtLQtOOC^GOOOcJ^HHHH 


O 

• 

lO 

o 


CVJ 

CO 

CVJ 


lO 

• 

CVJ 

O 


O 

O 

CVJ 


CO 

to 

<3> 


to 
!>• 
I — I 


O 


© 


CVJ 


H 

Cd 

•H 

EH 


C 

M 

c 

CVJ 

»d 

H 

O 


O 

© 

tsj 

H 

CO 


m 

a 

© 

Ph 

tX) 

CO 

00 

CVJ 


•d 

H 

O 


O 


P 


O 

o 

O 

CVJ 

H 

H 

O 


O 


O 


H 

CVJ 

Oi 

H 


CO 

CVJ 

xi 

o 

Ph 


© 

P 

© 

P 


255 


>d 

(D 

m 0 

p^  a 


cd  *H 


H EH 


5 

a 


.a 


aD(T)iot^OtO’«4<cv3a>i-iaO'^ 

pJ(Mt«^J<^lOOOCvJCvllO 


OOOOOOOHHHHH 


*=J? 

EH 

R 

a 

CtJ 

M 

« 

O 


eo 

EH 

eo 


9 


O 

> 

M 

EH 


O 


VO 

vO 

pH 

• 

O 

t- 

« 

CVl 

25 

rH 

O 

M 

EH 

EH 

M 

> 

S 

O 

a 

o 

CO 

PO 

o 

EH 

M 

Ph 

M 

o 

O 

P^l 

« 

Ph 

pq 

CO 

Ph 

iH 


t<5 


O 


m 


o 

EH 

O 


O 

to  a 
'd  h 4^  3 
•H  0 "H  H 
O p4  JZj  O 

> D > 


l0H00iv-0»^<OC0lOO>^vl< 

OOOc3»OOU:5iOt<3lQ’^iO£> 


03 

• »T^  • 

H «H  •<-<  O 
O O O O 
> > 


CJOOWOOOOCDOOOOOOOOO 

• ••••••••••• 

iOtQOOo»t<500^aOOOCV3 

o>a>o>c»a>toy3«^^iooi> 

iHrHHHHHHHHrHrHiH 


• t)0  • 

rH  <H  -H  M O 
O O ?H  tH  O 

o:^ 


OWU5OOOOOMOCVJ00 
• ••••••••••• 

00‘OOCay3tQl00>Ot<5Cv2'<;i< 

ooc30a>aoi>ioiQt^'^'^LQ^ 

tOtQWWNtOCOWtQtOt^tO 


^ 03 
• CO  a 
•P  -P  0 

^ ?H 

o to 


OtCMOO  lOOOlOOOO 

• •••  ••••••• 

l>rj<LOGOC7>Ot<5iOO>Cv2fcQO 

rHCV3oat«'?l<S>-aOOOHHH 


U 03 
• ini  rd  <0  B 
P H d -P  « 
& O 3 Jh  fH 
;a  O CiO 


o lO  U3  O 1^50010000 

• •••  ••••••• 

lOCMtOOe-toHtOt-OHOO 

CvJtOt<5'^iOOOa»HHCMCv3H 

yDOOiOOOtOC-C-C'OC^ 


03 

^H  a 
• © 0 
P P Jh 


^ 0 t>D 
& 


o o o o 

oooooooooooo 

lOOt^iCoaiOHwtQ-^oao 

r-H  H I— I rH  t-l  H rH 


P 

d 

o 

a 

<D 

O 


- O 
O O 


03 


lO 

• 

IQ 

VO 


lO 

O 

(M 


- O 
0 O 


t- 

VO 

pH 


fd 

a 

0 

eo 


03 

^ a 
^ « 
^4 

bO 


O 

IQ 

to 


(M 

• 

CVJ 

Gft 

pH  pH 

R n 


O 

I — I 

+ 03 

•H 

- U 

ca  EH 


• 

03 

a 

o 

p 

0 

o 

Jh 

W 

o 

• 

M 

CD 

O 

o 

CVJ 

to 

CVJ 

fd 

»d 

P 

»d 

P 

o 

H 

o 

o 

«H 

O 

O 

o 

0 

• 

N 

• 

P 

•H 

p 

o 

CO 

> 

pH 

(M 

o> 

pH 


CVJ 

Xi 

O 

U 

3 


o 

p 

CO 

(=^ 


0|O 


Oi 


1-1  I-  r ^ > 


1 


I 

i 

J 


i 

I 

I 

I 


\ 


li. 


E56 


fd 

o 

0)  0) 

cd  *H 
H ES 


«0(M-^Cv2vOOt>-HiOO^tOC>- 

OHH(MCvlt<5tO'^';l«'*4»LOiO 

I I I I I I t I I I I I 

oooooooooooo 


o 

d 

c«- 

rH 

« 

• 

C\3 

O 

>H 

EH 

M 

> 

P 

M 

o 

c!> 

M 

EH 

o 

M 

s 

P 

o 

M 

CO 

O 

p 

<d 

P 

CO 

EH 

p 

p 

<tj 

a 

cb 

M 

« 

o 


CO 

EH 

CO 


EH 


a 


o 


<q 

EH 

o 


rH 


to 


o 

p 

p 

CO 


o 

EH 

O 

P 


03  • 

■d  fH  -P  H 
•H  0)  -H  O 
O P S3  > 
l>  P 

03 

• • 

H «H  d O 
O O O O 
> (> 


OlOlOOOE>-^<OlOLOI>lO|v.sj< 

i0^i*'!j''^l<tOCOHOHtOiQda> 


OOOOOiOCMOPlOOlO 

• ••••••••*•• 

'!i<OOCv3iX3tOC\Jdc\2lOiOLOir3 

U3«OtO'OLOU3st<tO-^LOdi>o^ 


t(0  • 

«H  *H  M O 
O O fH  -H  O 

> o ^ 


OOOOOOiOCvJOlOiOOiO 

• •••••••••••• 

^=itooc\jiotocaocvjioioir3io 

tOU3«5vOiOiOsj<tO-^iOdI>0^ 

tototototocotoioiotofcoioto 


H m 
ca  s 
• -P  ed 
-P  54  ?H 
^ o ^ 


h 03 

• d d ed  Q 

p H d -P  cd 

^ o a Jh  ?H 

^ odf 


03 

fi  a 

• <D  cd 
P P ?H 
^ cd  O 


p 

d 

(D 

a 

o 

o 


- o 
o o 


03 

a 

Cd 

5h 

Cl> 


CO 


- o 
Cd  o 


• 03 

FP  a 

te:  3 

?H 

c!> 


cd|o 


OOOIOIOIOOIOIOIOIOOO 
• •••••••••••• 

OOtOtOcO*^Cv3iOsd<l>«;i<COO 

lOvOcOOC-COOr-lHOOOO 

COCOtOlOtOtO'vH'^'^'d‘'ci<'«4<'^ 


OOOiOlOlOOWlOiOiOOO 
• •»•••••••••• 

00t0t0c05j<c\3l0'^c>--^cr)0 

iOdcOcOC>-OOOHHOOOO 

ddcococooc>-wi>c-i>-oi>- 


O O O lO  O lO  o 

OOlOOOoOHCvJtOlOC^O 

lOdcOt'CDoHPHHi-IHW 


e- 


to 

to 

03 

o 

a 

• 

• 

Cd 

o 

c- 

9m 

u 

o 

rH 

o 

• 

CU 

CV2 

CVJ 

o 

o 

cn 

o 

M 

o 

• 

rH 

• 

o 

c 

o 

o 

• 

to 

• 

(M 

o 

CVI 

CO 

• 

o 

to 

oc 

to 

o 

d 

d 

to 

C\J 

CV3 

rH 

d 

rH 

xi 

iH 

O 

rH 

O 

o 

n 

n 

m 

O 

Si 

u 

*H 

i«R 

o 

O 

*H 

O 

rH 

O 

CO 

+ 

Cd 

<D 

• 

(D 

to 

•H 

tq 

• 

rH 

P 

to 

m 

•H 

P 

O 

Cd 

od 

EH 

CO 

> 

P 

O . 

Cv3 

257 


lO 

c- 

CVJ 


EH 


CO 

EH 

CO 


> 

a 

o 

M 

a 

O 

W 

Ph 

CO 


oj 

EH 

*=*J 

n 


1^  M 
<3?  O 
^ > 
M 

C*J  W 
M «tj 

Pi  eh 

O PI 

o 


to 

rH 

• 

O 

o 

M 


EH 

Ph 

Pi 


O 

CO 


PQ 


Pi 

o 

Pi 

Ph 


to 


o 


p 


CO 


o 

EH 

o 

p 


•d  d 

(D  tH 

to  © a 
Ph  S 

© tH  • 

H EH  Jh 

Pi  ^ 


o> 

CV3 


rH 


© 

ra  a 

nd  +3  p 

•H  © *rH  rH 

o Pd  o 
> P f> 


OOOWpHOO^t-OO^OtOCVj 

000000010010101010^00 


. 3 

H «H  -H 
O O O 
> > 


O 

o 


tOiOOOOPJOOOOlOO 
• ••••••••••• 

LO«OCOCVI-^0<OtPt>-fcOCv3CO 

t-t0<0t0L0i0C0C0C0^iPO 

rHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH 


• CjD  • 

H «H  nH  M O 

O O p >H  © 

> O ^ 


tOlOOOOCvJOOOOlOO 

• ••••••••••• 

OrHOOC^cniOrHOOJOOOQO 

LO'^COtOCvJCvJHrHrHrHCMCO 

tototototototococotocoto 


JH  03 

as  3 
• as 

^ o bO 


lOLQOOOlOlOlOOOiPiP 

• ••••••••••* 

J>rHHOO!MC\3lOtOOOtOC>-I> 

ocv2cocoiOtooocr>a>o>o>a> 

totototocotococototococo 


^ 03 

• 'd  rd  as  3 
+3  H d -p  © 
^ O © d p 
^ O tjD 


IPIOOOOIOIOIOOOIQIO 
• ••••••••••• 

iPO^OtOOOtOHtO-^iOtO 

rHcvJtO'cJitOt'OiOOOOO 

t0t0'0t0t0t0<0£>-c-l>c~t>' 


5H  03 

• © a 

•p  +a  © 
& © p 
^ bO 


+3 

p! 


© 


a 


© 

o 


o 


p 


o 

o 


03 

a 

© 

p 

6D 


- O 

© o 


•d 

si 


© 

CO  • 


p 


fc» 


03 


P 

C)D 


©|o 


lotoipioioioipto  LQIO  Ip  to 

tP^iP<Oi>.aOCT>OrHc\2 

rH  rHrH  i — 1 rH 


O 

CO 


03 

« 

3 

si 

as 

o 

to  *d 

d 

o 

o> 

ba 

O 

o 

1 — 1 

O 

o 

• 

oi 

M 

• 

Oi 

o 

CO 

o 

rH 

• CO 

o 

CO 

IP 

to 

•1 

£>  rd 

«d 

CVI 

IP  rH  rH  H 

•d 

rH 

rH 

O 

S II  m 

O 

O 

- H «H 

•H 

© 

O O 

O 

rH 

O 

o + © © 

• 

© 

O *H  N 

• 

H 

P 

^ ‘H 

P 

O 

© 

© EH  CO 

> 

(=i 

to 

00 

• 

4 

I 

\ 


t 


1 

i 

I 

I 


I 

I 

I 


4 


I 

t 


/j 


ORIGIUAL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOID  TESTS 


258 


■d 

© 

03  O 

CO 

(M 

o- 

to 

!> 

1 — 1 lO 

o 

lo  a>  to 

to 

00 

ft  a 

rH 

rH 

fH 

CO 

CO 

toco 

V LO 

LO 

lO 

Cd  H 

1 

1 

1 

1 

I 

1 R 

1 

1 

I 1 

1 

1 

H EH 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

oo 

o 

o o o 

o 

o 

pq 

LO 

LO 

t- 

H 

• 

• 

CO 

O 

jH 

EH 

M 

> 

ft 

o 

cb 

M 

EH 

o 

fH 

M 

ft 

a 

O 

CO 

o 

ft 

pq 

<5 

pH 

m 

I — I 


o 

CO 


tQ 


O 

3 

EH 

O 


(Q 

?^  +*  • 
•H  <D  *H  rH 
O ft  O 


Cv3HH^OiOO>Cv3GOCMHt-'<4< 


m 

• nd  • 

H qn  -H  o 
o o o o 
> > 


0O-st»CD  WCMCVJOOOOOOO 

• •••••••••••• 

H'^OtOl>CX)'?l«0«OlOGOOOO 

c-toi>LoiO'^'>i^'^io^i>-cy>ooi 

rHrHrHrHrHr— IrHrHrHi — IrHrHCM 


. W)  • 

H «H  n^  M O 
O O Jh  tH  O 
> O g 


GO^OOCvJCMCvIOOOOOOO 

• •••••••••••• 

H-«4<OCOl>-OOsJ<c-tOiOCOaOO 


• 

■P  u 

fe:  O 


cd  03 


a 

03 

u 


a cu 


Qoioiooioiooinioioloo 

• •••••••••••• 

^ocr>coHcQCDa>o3^-cooDHt« 

i<5’^'NHr-t>-oocr>oa»o>o>a»oo 

t<5tOtOtOWtQtO'=;3^COfcQWtOt^ 


?H  03 

03  a 

• fd  »cJ  -P  at 

PH  rt  ^1 

^ o cs3  o c!j 

3 3 


lOOiOlOOLOiOOlOiOlOLO 

«X>O>00HtQCDO>Cv3C>-CDQ0HW 

tQ'^'^t>e~aoa»0(T>a>a»o>co 

tO<i)«-OODtOO'J3t~tO<OU3^0 


U 03 
• <D  3 
H^-P  cd 
^ etJ  ?H 
^ cb 


-p 
S3 
0 
a 

<D 
O 


- o 

o o 


03 

B 

<a 

u 

C5 


«d 

S3 

cd 

CO 


cd  o 
o 


03 

a 

Cd 

u 

Cs 


OOOOOIOOIO 

OOOOOOHcMCQiOOOCvI 

LO^OC^QOo^HHHHHHcvJOJ 


• 

CO 

CO 

03 

LO 

a 

• 

cd 

to 

fH 

o 

c 

cb 

H 

o 

• 

M 

• 

o 

o 

lO 

o 

o 

• 

CO 

CO 

LO 

o 

lO 

o 

d 

d 

I — ! 

CO 

CO 

H 

O 

H 

II 

II 

O 

O 

•- 

• 

o 

O 

o 

H 

O 

LO 

+ 

Cd 

® 

•H 

tq 

• 

— 

tH 

•H 

•P 

aj 

EH 

CO 

o 

o 

H 

CO 

o 

o> 

• 

1 — 1 

o 

r» 

CO 

03 

CO 

d 

H 

;ci 

O 

o 

S 

fH 

O 

1 

• 

® 

H 

■P 

O 

od 

> 

ft 

cd|o 


o 

lO 


259 


<0  a 

(0  0) 

ft  a 

CO  -H  • 

ft  EH  U 


r-\  ^ CO  O 

O O ft  ft  ft  ft  OJ 


o o o o o o o 


o 

O 

CD 

1 — 1 

a 

a 

CM 

o 

ft  0 ft  I — I 

o ft  <zj  o 
> F=>  > 


ft  crj  O J>  VO 

lo  ft  Lo  o t<i  00 

CVS  CO  to  to  ft  ft  ft 

• • • • • a • 


ft 

> 

<q 

P-1 

cis 


3 

o 

ft 

EH 

ft 

p! 

o 

?n 

pp 

<q 


O EH 


03 

• ft  • 

ft  CH  ft  O 

o o o o 
> > 


03  00  CO  Cv2  CD  00 

a • a • a • a 

ft  CO  CO  cvj  UD  to  00 

O O ft  CM  ft  E> 

ft  ft  ft  ft  ft  ft 


a 

• bO 

ft  *H  ft  M • 
O O Vi  ft  O 
> 0^0 


O ft  o LQ  ft  o o 

• • a a a a • 

ft  £>•  CO  ft  LO  O 00 
0>  00  CTi  O ft  to  VO 
CM  CM  CM  to  to  to  CO 


■=1? 

EH 

<3? 

Pi 

i-q 


CO 

EH 

CO 

FP 

EH 

CO 

P 


cb 

ft 


Ft| 

<5 

EH 


Ft;  F>4 

o o 


ft 

ft 

o 

Ph 

CO 


m 

o 


CM 


O 

p; 

fi 


CO 


CM 

O 

ft 

CO 


o 


EH 

O 

ft 


u 

OJ  03 

ft  a 

• fH  cd 
ft  O fH 
fe:  S bO 


O lO  lO  lO  o o o 
• •••••• 

o P-  CO  CM  CO  <T>  lO 
lO  VO  vO  vO  to  CO  ft 
ft  ft  ft  ft  ft  ft  ft 


U 

cd  CQ 

• ft  ft  ft  a 

ft  ft  V^  (d 

o cd  o fH 


O lO  to  lO  o o o 

• •«•••• 

O O lO  CM  to  C7>  lO 
to  vO  VO  <0  to  CO  ft 
J>-  O !>-  O O o-  O 


03 

• <D  a 

ft  ft  Cd 
Cd  Vi 
^ ClO 


to  o o o o o o 

a a a a a a a 

O O O to  to  to  o 
00  0>  o ft  to  to  CO 
ft  ft  ft  ft  ft 


a 

CM 

- o 

• 

o o 

O 

o> 

ft 

0 

a 

03 

0 

• a 

o 

ft  0 

ft  • 

• 

ft 

fH 

O P 

03 

o 

CM 

bO 

CO  ft 

a 

o 

CD 

0 

r — 1 

Vi 

o 

ft 

bu 

• 

•« 

a 

• CM  ^<J 

to 

- o 

CM  • 

o 

o 

CM 

0 O 

CD  0>  CM 

o 

CM 

CO  ft 

CO 

Pi 

ft  td 

vd 

O 

rd 

ft 

vd 

ft 

Vi 

II  II  o 

ft 

o 

0 

0 

*=rl 

f=Y 

o 

CO 

03 

* a 

£>  - qn 

ft 

ft  0 

VO  o o 

ft 

o 

^ fH 

CM  ft 

o 

bD 

+ 00 

a 

0 

•H  tS3 

a 

1 — i 

ft 

Vi  ft 

ft 

o 

0 

0 EH  CO 

> 

P 

to 

O 

CD 

0 

a 

o 

260 


a 

•■d  tH 

<D  0 

CO  O 
ft  0 

CO  -H  • 

r-l  EH 

pq  xi 


to  CO  o CO 

O O r— ) rH  rH 


O O O O O 


o 

o 

on 

r-i 

• 

• 

CM 

o 

ft 

o 

CD 

^ Jh-P  i 

•H  0 "H  ft 
O ftS  O 
> > 


MD  CV2  £>  ft  O 
(M  to  O ft 

to  CO  to  ft  ft 

# • « • # 


EH 

> 

Ph 

C!? 


EH 

a 

o 

CO 

pq 

--i; 


CO 

• ft  • 

rH  ft  O 

O O O O 

1>  > 


CV2  C>  CV2  ft  CCJ 

• • • • • 

O CM  ID  (X2  CO 
00  CO  cr>  H CO 
ft  ft 


o 

EH 

ft 

ft 

Ph 

pq 

ft 

o 

o 

ft 

ft 

pq 

CO  CO 

ft 

EH 

CO 

pq 

•c-q  Eh 

EH 

CO 

ft  ft 

ft 

ft  o 

•=q  >■ 

9ft 

c!s  '15 

CM 

ft  EH 

t- 

ft  ft 

o O CM 

CO 

to 

O O CM  O 

H «H 

•H 

• 

• • • • * 

O O 

fH 

•H 

o 

O CD  CM  CD  C7> 

> 

O 

fcrtrH 

ftft 

o 

■5^  xff  ’-D  £>-  Oi 

CM  (Xjl  CM  CM  CM 

CO 

w 

o o uo  o to 

4^ 

0 

• • • • • 

• 

5H 

CO 

00  iH  CM  O ft 

-P 

O 

u 

<D  C-  «D  to  CO 

*3l 

p==( 

,130 

^ ^ 'ih' 

fH 

CO 

CO 

o o to  O to 

• fd  fd  +3 

0 

• • • • • 

-P  H 

sq 

ttJ 

00  ft  CM  O ft 

t?:  O 

CO 

o 

u 

O O CO  to  to 

fcH 

♦rft 

►-H 

w 

C-  £>  £>  £>- 

?H 

CO 

• 

CD 

P 

• 

P» 

d 

CO 

u 

o oo  o o 

to 

J>  00  O CM 

ft  ft  ft 

o 

ft 

ft 

CO 


o 

p- 

• 

00 

o 

o 

• 

+» 

o 

•-0 

EH 

CD 

• 

O 

<D 

1 — 1 

ft 

0 

• 

• 

CM 

<D 

sq 

(0 

o 

C7> 

O 

CQ 

•H 

0 

o 

ft 

• 

0 

{> 

CO 

p 

CO 

o 

p 

o 

m 

u 

CM 

M 

to 

• 

to 

to 

00 

sjt 

CM 

• 

o 

o 

to 

CM 

o 

CM 

ft 

CO 

to 

O 

• 

O 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

U 

»• 

o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

cd 

o 

99 

II 

II 

o 

ft 

o 

fc-ft 

o 

ferf 

f=H 

fd 

m 

'H 

sq 

o 

O 

'H 

O 

CO 

CQ 

ft 

o 

CO 

• 

0 

o 

+ 

CO 

® 

• 

(D 

■p 

CO 

00 

•p 

N 

• 

; — 1 

P> 

fH 

CM 

•- 

Jh 

•H 

-p 

o 

CO 

&D 

CO 

EH 

CO 

> 

ft 

00 

ft 


* rs 


262 


CO 
E^ 
CO 
^ W 

EH  EH 

n CO 

n 

M 

‘I?  o 
^ > 
M 

e PI 

M <j 
P:^  eh 
O P4 
O 

a 


o 

CV2 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

3 

ciJ 

o 

M 

pq 

M 

O 

Ph 

CO 


CV2 


3 

O 

M 

EH 

O 

CO 

PQ 

<q 

EH 

pq 

o 

PI 

Ph 


J> 

ifi 


<B 

CO  0) 

Pi  a 

(0  -rH 

r+  Eh 

pq 


to  a 
t:*  H -P  d 

® *H  iH 

Pi  P)  O 

t=>  > 


•H 

O 

{=> 


CO 

• fd  • 

H «H  -H  O 
O O O O 


tjD 

H RH  -H  X • 

O O Jh  -r-i  O 

^ o a o 


fH 

CO  CO 

• -P  a 

■P  ?H  CO 

^ o u 
m M 

Jh 

CO  CO 

I’d  fd  4^  a 
H s:J  Jh  cO 
!?=  O cd  O Jh 

m S M 

U CO 

® a 

• +3  CO 
-P  OJ  Jh 
fe:  ^ M 


y^Ho-CvjOHiOOOC^ 
OHH  CMCvJtOLOCQ-^’^ 


oooooooooo 


ocviHiooooHtotaoj 

^COOoooOtQiOH 

tOtQtOcvJCMCVJCOtQtO'^ 


CMlOOOOOOOOLOO 

• ••••••••• 

locji^cotooiortioo 

OCT^Cai>-J>-OOOOH';l< 

rH  r— 1 rH  rH 

CVJIOOOOOOOOLOO 

• ••••#•••• 

tocnootoc^'Or-imo 

oa>Qoi>-c~oGOoH^ 

tQCv2WCVICv2C\2OJtOt0CO 


OOlqcQOOOOCPO 

• ••••••••• 

O^CMtOt-iOtO^OHCO 

cv2-^ooocr>cr>cDc>-iO'^ 


OOlOiOOOOOtOO 

• ••••••••• 

CT4(XJMD£>lOtO*=:i<OHtO 

c\2sfoaoa»a>coo'P'^ 


lOOCQOLOOOiO^O 

IQOtOOESOOOiOCVJLO 

H H H 


O 

lO 

o 

o 

• 

-P 

• 

• 

• 

• 

o 

o 

0 

0 

O 

1 — 1 

a 

•H 

a 

o 

cva 

0 

CO 

• 0 

o 

• 

a 

o 

s}^ 

Jh 

o 

1 — 1 

Ph 

EH 

0 

« 

60 

• 

O 

Jh 

CO 

» 

CO 

PI 

60 

CO 

O 

o 

CO 

rH 

<M 

o 

w 

CV3 

o 

to 

o 

fd 

fd 

Cv2 

rH 

H 

fd 

1 — ) 

o 

O 

rH 

o 

Jh 

• 

to 

• 

II 

II 

m 

O 

fc=< 

1=^ 

0 

*S! 

f , 

0 

O 

lO 

•- 

'H 

<4H 

o 

lO 

O 

O 

'H 

O 

rH 

rH 

O 

+ 

0 

0 

• 

0 

^d 

•pH 

cq 

• 

1 ] 

■P 

•- 

Jh 

•H 

-P 

o 

0 

0 

0 

O 

0 

EH 

CO 

> 

P 

CO 

a 

• 

• 

0 

1 — 1 

+3 

P 

to 

. 

t?; 

60 

co|o 


to 

to 


263 


o 

o 

iH 

• 

• 

OJ 

o 

p 

o 

M 

E^ 

EH 

P 

M 

PP 

> 

o 

<« 

CO 

(P, 

pq 

O 

o 

EH 

M 

p 

^=^ 

M 

o 

o 

p:J 

P-1 

p; 

cn 

Ph 

CO 

EH 

CO 

pj 

«n  EH 

EH 

•=q  CO 

p n 

M 

P O 

•=*?  > 

M p:^ 

ci3  *1: 

CV3 

M EH 

O 

W Ph  C\2 

O O 

to 

• 

• 

o 

o 

p 

a 

EH 

<q 

O 

CO 

P 

ncl 

•H 

(1) 

a 

CO 

0 

P 

a 

CO 

•H  • 

( — 1 

EH  U 

0 

.§ 

Pi  P ^ 

0 tH  p 

O 

Oi  PJ  o 

a >• 

CQ 

• 

rd  • 

rH 

P -H  O 

O 

o o o 

> 

> 

• 

cyj 

H «H 
O O 

t> 

•rH  K • 
?H  -rt  O 

OS  O 

?H 

0 m 

p a 

• 

Pi  03 

-P 

O Pi 

S M 

Pi 

0 03 

• <r> 

'cjp  a 

P H 

PJ  5h  0 

ter  O 

0 O Pi 

^ &0 

Pi  to 
0 a 

• 

P 0 

-P 

^ Pi 

^ W 

^ • 

O o 

P 

o 

Pi 

0 

s 

0 

o 

03 

• a 

P 0 
Pi 

CiD 

• 

- o 

0 O 

nd 

03 


CO 


OHHCvJCvJfXItOtQCQ 


ooooooooo 


lOcOtOOfcQOOt>H'^ 

tQ(MC\I(MCVJt:OtOtQ'5j< 


OOOOOOOOlO 

o3sHiQ'^cncr>'£>00rH 

a^coJ>J>-c>coOH'^ 

iH  rH  |H 


OOOOOOOOLO 


CV2'^LOv4<C7>a>uDCO'~l 
a>CD£>I>^^-COOH'^^^ 
CMCV2CV3  Cv2C\3(MtOtQtO 


OOOOLOOOOO 


(X2aOOtQ£>OOHLOO 

lOOCOO'>COOOlQ'=i^ 


OOOOLOOOOO 


(MOOC-tOCteCDHO 

o 

LOOCOCTiCOite-OtO 

OlOOiOOOLOlO 

o 

LOOOJteCOCJ^OCVj 

LO 

H H 

rH 

to 

to 

• 

• 

03 

o 

H 

lO 

•H 

a 

o 

CVJ 

• 

0 

o> 

to 

Pi 

o 

rH 

o 

CiD 

• 

rH 

X 

O 

o 

to 

o 

CVI 

o 

(X? 

CvJ 

o o 

to 

• (M  iH 

nd 

fd 

rd 

lO 

iH 

>rJ 

(H 

o 

o » II 

o 

fH 

o 

Pi 

1 — 1 

s 

o 

C3 

S 

- 

p 

p 

o 

o 

p 

o 

O H 

o 

• + 0 

0 

• 

0 

CO  ’<-* 

N 

• 

rH 

P 

CO  - Pi 

•H 

p 

o 

0 

•^ii  0 EH 

CO 

P 

ca|o 


o 

lO 


ORIGmL  DiTA 
MORTAR  VO  III  TESTS 


CVJ 

o 

CVJ 


EH 

M 

> 

Ph 

C5 

O 

M 

M 

O 

FM 

CO 


o 

n 

CO 


yD 

to 

• 

O 


3 

O 

M 

EH 


O 

CO 

PP 

<«J 

EH 

3 

pq 

O 


00 

o 

to 

o 


EH 

o 

hP 


tiD 

H *H  -H  w 

O O .rl 

o ^ 


rd  .3 

<D  S 
CQ  (D 

ft  a 

00  ‘H  • 
H m »H 
PP  .Cl 


<D 

cQ  a 

fd  E)  3 

•H  oj  tH  r-H 
O ft  d p 
|>  !=)  > 


CQ 

• >d  • 

H «H  -H  O 
O O O O 


U 
CD 
• -P 
+3  fn 
O 


(0 

a 

CO 

fH 

CUD 


?H  CQ 

• *d  «d  CO  a 

H p +3  CO 

!§:  O 00  ?H  5h 

^ O M 


?H 

• 0) 
+3  43 

^ CO 


CQ 


U 

CiD 


+3 

<D 

a 

CD 

O 


- o. 
o o 


CQ 

a 

CO 

m 

&o 


- C3 
CO  O 


•d 

Pi 

CO 

CO 


!+=» 


CQ 


El 

CdD 


ooio 


j>.;litOyD'd^l<OCDtO 
O'^WtO'^iOO  H 


OOOOOOrHrHr— I 


vO'^'^CvJtOaDCVJUJO 

t-£>Hoocoa»cvjtoyo 

.^'^t<-vl<tOtOtO^';l<'4< 


• ••••••■»• 

C\JCJ>CT>COtOOCVJa»Cvj 

LCQ'^rHOOrHCVjCVJsH 

rHrHr-HrHr-HrH| — IrHrH 


OOOtOCVjlOOlOlO 

• •••••••• 

OOC^HtOCDOOO 

OJrH00t>-t-C^CJ^<J>H 

cotocvjcvicvjcvjcvjcvlto 


lOOiOoOUOOOtO 

• •••••••• 

Q>C7»^i<tOO(y»CVjr— icvj 
LOvOrH'^lO'^'^'dtO 


moioooiooolo 

• •••••••• 

i>-i>-cv3sH(X)t>-oa^o 

yD£>CvjiOLOiOLO';J<'^ 


iOiOiOU>LOtOOlOO 
yDOCOCt>OHtOsiiyD 
rH  rH  rH  iH  rH 

• 

CvJ 

H 

rH 


10 

00 

to 


C<1 

• 

10 

10 


o 

10 

I — I 

o 

(3> 


• 

Pi 

CQ 

•H 

a 

• 

rH 

cO 

0 

El 

0 

a* 

&D 

1 — 1 

to 

00 

0 

• 

(M 

0 

CVJ 

to 

to 

si 

to 

•d 

*d 

rH 

rH 

1 — 1 

»d 

rH 

0 

0 

rH 

0 

El 

II 

II 

m 

0 

Cfl 

•- 

tH 

'H 

0 

0 

'H 

0 

rH 

0 

+ 

CO 

<D 

• 

0 

•rH 

tS3 

• 

1 \ 

-P 

mm 

El 

•rl 

-P 

0 

00 

CO 

EH 

CO 

> 

p 

ORIGIN-AL  DATA 
MORT.^R  VOID  TESTS 


206 


CV7 

t- 

CM 


to 


O 


<q 

CD 


U3 

to 


o 

M 


EH 

EH 

Ph 

M 

PI 

• 

> 

O 

• 

t)D 

M 

<! 

CO 

H tH 

•H 

PQ 

o o 

fH 

•H 

Cl5 

<s: 

> 

O 

O 

EH 

M 

pq 

u 

ra 

M 

o 

© 

O 

• 

p 

a 

pq 

PI 

p 

Pt 

© 

pH 

CO 

Ph 

o 

•r=r« 

rn 

W) 

00 

o 

(O 

CO 


o 

E^ 

o 

1-1 


0) 

CO  © 
p4  a 
CO  ‘H 
H 

pq 


© 

ro  Q 

rCl  ?H  P> 

•H  © -H  H 

O Ph  p 

> {=)  > 


ra 

• nd  • 

H -H  O 

O O O O 

> > 


o 


m 

• fid  © S 
■P  H d © 
te;  O © ^ 
a O £xf 


Jh  M 
• © S 
P -P  © 

^ © f-4 

^ t>D 


P 

P 

© 

a 

© 

o 


- o 
o o 


TlS 

© 

CO 


ra 

r~1 

© 

tlD 


- O 

© o 


© 

a 

© 

W) 


©|o 


totQiPvO'^  CMOOOtO 
Q I — I CM  CO  lO  O O I — I 


OOOOOOHHrH 


^iHf— IcOrd'^OC'Jt-'-O 
cntOtOHCDOCM'=i«*0 
toCOt^t^iCMtOCOCOCO 


CDOOGOCOOOaOCOCOOO 

• •••••••* 

0»^^tOCJ^O>lO';HCOr-j 
HOa^00C>-00cnOrH 
H rH  H H 


OOOOOOIOLOO 

• •••••••• 

rHCrsOiOOC-OOGOCriO 

COCMCMCMCMCMCMCMCO 


OOOOOOUOLOlO 

M3CMO^£>-Hct>HOOLQ 

GOHCM-^C'-OMOIOlO 


OOOOOOLOipiO 

• •••••••• 

'^00-LQO>£>0'^tO 

CT»CMtOiOC^lt-^Oi£>tO 


HOOOOOOLOO 
^;i<iQtOJ>00(j>OHCO 
i—t  rH  rd 


lO 

• 

LO 

to 


to 

sq 

© 

rH 

o 

'1—1 

a 

• 

CM 

C\J 

© 

o 

!H 

o 

1 — 1 

cli:j 

CM  M 

* 

• 

CD 

o 

CM 

O 

CM 

• 

CT> 

to 

rCj 

GO 

r—t  pH  'cJ 

•© 

o 

W 

1 — 1 'd 

rH 

Jh 

iH 

fl  H O H 

P 

P 

S o 

- 

tH 

O OP 

O 

rH 

o 

o 

+ © © 

• 

© 

to 

•H  CS3 

• 

1 \ 

P 

to 

- J-<  *H  P 

o 

© 

© EH  CO  ^ 

> 

LO 

to 

o» 


267 


<q  O 
M 

Cb  « 
M -a5 
W EH 
O PI 
O 


(M 

C\2 


EH 

f-H 

> 

•a: 

o 

o 

M 

o 

e 

CO 


t<3 


o 

fi 

*=^ 

CO 


c<i 

• 

o 


o 

M 

EH 


O 

CO 

=P 

•a? 

EH 

3 

O 

« 

Ph 


CD 

O 

'O 

to 


o 


EH 

O 

l-q 


<D 

to  © 
P^  6 

© -rH 

I — 1 Eh 

m 


to 

^ ?H  +3 

•rH  © *rH 

o Pi  d 

> B 


© 


ra 

O 

IP 

CVJ  IP 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

HP  -H 

© 

<T» 

MO  O 

o o o 

© 

CO 

00 

t>-  o- 

> {SH 

• W) 

o 

IP 

2 

5 

H p -H 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

O O d *H 

© 

tp 

H 

CO  o- 

> OS 

© 

MO 

iP 

CV2 

c\j 

CO  02 

u 

© to 
• -P  s 
-p  Jh  © 
^ o P 
^ W3 


CO 

cH 

d 

CO 

© ro 

EH  pq 

• 'tj  fd  p a 

•cq  Eh 

P H d d © 

p 

o © o d 

O 

S S M 

P H 

fH  ra 

• © a 

p p © 

© rH 

^ W3 


P 

d 

© 

a 

© 

o 


ti 

d 

© 

CO 


" o 
© o 


ra 

a 

© 

u 

w 


o 
- © 
© 


ra 

a 

© 

d 

CtO 


©I© 


O 


00  lO  CO  O vO  O 

H Cvj  to  st<  IP  UO 


o ooooooo 


IP 

CO 

CO 


to  H LQ  cr>  (M  O 00 
cvl  o 00  0»  CO  to 
CO  to  CO  (M  CO  CO  CO 


ipoipoocpcpo 

• ••••••• 

H«-0£>'PiP£>CN2cr» 

OHCO'PiP'4<'sHCO 


tp  OOOOIPIPO 

• ••••••• 

CT>  's^^lP^COlPOl^- 
O (M'^ii^'PiP'P'^ 


OOOOOOIPO 

co^iptoc-a0(j>H 

rH 

o 

o 

CO 


CO 

o» 


t- 

rH 


O 

O 


O 

o» 


• 

d 

ra 

•H 

a 

• 

1 — 1 

© 

© 

CV2 

d 

© 

cn 

o 

W) 

H 

• 

£> 

00 

o 

* 

c> 

CO 

o 

CV2 

rH 

rH 

CO 

•d 

.d 

H 

»© 

H 

© 

O 

H 

O 

d 

It 

It 

S 

O 

s 

© 

S 

Pn 

'H 

p 

© 

O 

p 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

ft- 

© 

© 

• 

© 

•H 

tSJ 

• 

H 

p 

m. 

d 

•H 

p 

O 

© 

© 

EH 

CO 

> 

» 

( 


t 


! 


1' 


! 


( 


I 


I 


I 


I 


o 

• - L-. 

1 ~ 

J 

Ii  r 
5 

8 . 


) ' 


I 


I 


!' 

t- 

f; 


;j 

i 

f. 


I 

I 


» 


t 


I ■■ 


I 


270 


CO 
EM 
CO 
*.1;  pq 
EH  CH 
*=t< 

P P 

M 

P o 

>> 

M 

cb  'q 
M EH 
p « 
o o 


C\2 


>H 

EH 

M 

s> 

*=q 

cb 

o 

M 

Ph 

I— I 

o 

w 

p 

CO 


m 


o 

p 

P 

P 

«q 

CO 


o 

(M 


P 

O 

M 

E-H 

P 

P 

O 

CO 

P 

■=q 

p 

p 

p 

o 

P 

P 

p 


£> 

o 


o 

p 


p 

o 

p 


© 

© 

a 

© •'H 

H p 


u 

p 


© 


ra  a 

Tb  JH  -P  3 

•r-l  ©'HP 

O p o 

> p > 


to 

• 

p 

• 

P P tH 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

> 

> 

• 

♦ 

bD 

• 

p p 

•'H  K 

0 

0 0 

U -H 

0 

> 

0 m 

u 

© 

• 

p ra 

p 

?H  a 

0 © 

S fH 

bO 

5h 

M 

• p p © 

a 

p p 

P 

© 

^ 0 

© ^1 

fH 

0 

bO 

fH  ra 

© a 

• 

p © 

p 

© fH 

^ bD 

*■  © 
o o 


+3 

Sm 

© 

a 

© 

o 


m 

a 

© 

u 

w 


- o 
© cb 


fd 

© 

CO 


m 

a 

© 

M 


© P 


^cy^ioPtocvjo>iOHooPt>-o^p'^ 

OOHPPtOtO'^i^LOOOOPP 


OOOOOOOOOOPHPPP 


iouboPOaocj>Ocj>^£>‘'^i>PGO 

tOUDOLOCOOC^tDOCriOPCQLOO 


t>-D^H'dWc^t>coa><j>ova^iQcT»-^ 

HHcOCOO^'^OrHOCO'^LOCOP'q* 

t>J>-C'Ub-<^tOC\JCv2CV3PCO'^LO'dO 

pi — !pi — li — li — iPi — IPi — I'  ^ ' I I I < I I I 


CDOOtMlOtHJCDCD^OOOO'^OOlO 

iO'--0J>-'O»dl<bPPPCVl^'^’^'^^ 

COtOlQCOtObOtQCOCOCOt^^tOtOCOtQ 


lOOOOiOOLOOOOLOOOiPO 

LOrHu:bOOPt>tQOLOCV2Cr»OOLOH 

fcO-d’sH'-OODOCvItOsHt^tO^'^*^'^ 


OLOlOlOOUbOUbiOloOLOiOOlO 

•s^^'dLO'^®OtOtO'q^'q^Pt0^^tO<^2 


lOLOLOlQlOLOlOiXblQlO^O'^S'^ 

ir5ubi>ooa>oHP!o^iO£>oqOH 

I — ipPi-ipPPPP^ 


U5 

to 


to 

o 

p 


lO 

• 

CvJ 

CO 

p 


o 

10 

CO 


10 

o 

p 


00 

(T> 


o 

* 

© 


© 

•rH 

5h 


m 

• 

a 

• 

© 

0 

•H 

fH 

© 

bO 

1 — 1 

0 

CO 

10 

• 

cr> 

X 

• 

P 

0 

0 

02 

0 

02 

«• 

CO 

d 

d 

1 — 1 

d 

P 

rd 

0 

P 

0 

© 

(=2! 

0 

#=^ 

fH 

P 

P 

HP 

0 

P 

0 

0 

© 

• 

© 

CS3 

• 

I — 1 

P 

•rH 

P 

0 

© 

CO 

> 

»v 


\ 


I 


> 


I 


4 


M :j.  • 


\ 


i 

1 


) 

1 


( • 


c^ 

UJ 


' 


J 


{ 


271 


EH 
cm 
<q  pq 
EH 
•=31 

‘ CO 

p 

M 

o 


<1 

3 


Cl3  « 
I — t 

« EH 
O « 
O 


•=4< 

to 

cu 


JH 

EH 

>— I 

> 

M 

ClJ 

o 

M 

a 

o 

Ph 

CO 


LO 


o 

p 

<1 

CO 


O 

CVJ 


o 

l-H 

EH 


O 

CO 

P 

<15 

P 

o 

P<q 

fM 


to 

o 

o 

to 


o 

EH 

O 

P 


• 

o 

o 

IP 

p 

CM 

p 

p 

p 

O 

• w 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

H tp  -H  M 

o 

CO 

CO 

0^ 

P 

iH 

00 

P 

p 

jH 

CM 

O O P tH 

o 

CM 

o 

o 

rH 

1 — 1 

CM 

p 

p 

£>- 

r>  o a 

to 

to 

CO 

p 

p 

p 

p 

P 

p 

p 

P 

CQ 

o 

o 

IP 

p 

CM 

p 

p 

CM 

p 

o 

• id 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

« 

rH  ^ *rH 

o 

to 

IP 

p 

rH 

00 

p 

o 

P 

p 

P 

OOP 

o 

CM 

CM 

1 — ! 

1 — 1 

o 

1 — ! 

CM 

CM 

p 

P 

o 

>• 

iH 

I — 1 

j — I 

1 — I 

1 — 1 

1 — 1 

H 

rH 

pH 

1 — 1 

ri 

54 

CO  CQ 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

p 

P 

o 

o 

O 

o 

nd 

<D 

CQ  03 
Ph  a 
CO  "fH 
P EH 
rri 


CQ 

nd 

•H 

o 


03 


03  tH  H 
Ph  O 

P > 


-P  S 

• ?H  CO 
-P  O 54 
^ g CiO 


• Td  rd  -P 
■P  H ?H 
O GO  O 


u 

CO  ra 


u m 

o S 

• +3  CO 
-P  CO  54 
^ -S  Ci3 


+3 

03 

S 

03 

O 


■xd 

s:J 

CO 

CO 


O C3 

o 


CQ 

S 

05 

54 


- O 
CO  O 


CQ 

a 

CO 

Jh 

t»D 


C0lC3 


C0C0W®t0  CDCOOH<i<tO 
OHCVJCVJCO  CO^<1«IPU3LO 


ooooooooooo 


CT»1>CJ>OCOCO(J>£>I>-C>C3C) 

onOOtOtOLOtOOGOOtOtO 

t<itOtOCOtOlOCOCO<i^s!^'0^ 

• •••••••••• 


I>00OrHcv2CMC\JCvJC\JrHO 


OOOOOipiPOOOO 

CVj0030r400sl300CO 

oocDOcatocotototoctio 

v0U3E>l>{>-I>-O£>I>-C^I>- 


iOiP)LOiOLOLOOLOOOO 
^iOtOI<-00(J>HCv2'^tOaO 
rH  t-H  rd  rH  rH 


IP 

• 

IP 

to 


to 

o 

CM 


IP 

CM 

to 


o 

Ip 

to 


O 

CM 


CQ 

• 

a 

• 

SG| 

CO 

O 

1 — 1 

•H 

U 

o 

p 

w 

0^ 

o 

rH 

o 

• 

X 

• 

• 

o 

p 

o 

H 

• 

CM 

o 

CM 

CM 

00 

p 

o> 

nd 

fd 

Xi 

1 — 1 

CM 

iH 

•xd 

1 — 1 

C3 

O 

H 

o 

U 

51 

II 

m 

O 

*==< 

m 

05 

k5rj 

r=H 

»- 

tH 

C3 

O 

O 

rH 

O 

+ 

CO 

® 

• 

® 

•H 

tS3 

• 

1 — 1 

P 

54 

•H 

•P 

o 

05 

05 

EH 

cn 

> 

P 

-rj>5Ui 


£72 


a 

TlJ  -H 

<D  S 

m (D 

p^  a 

03  ’H  • 

H EH 


oCT't-toaDtoot- 

Hf-*Cv2tQtO';3<iOiO 

oooooooo 


lO 

(M 


O 

O 


CD 

OQ  a 

t:!  +»  p 

•H  0 "H  rH 
O ft  d O 
> t)  > 


O 


>H 

EH 

EH 

& 

' 1 

ft 

• 

> 

O 

• CjO 

• 

CO 

i-t  «H  -H  M 

o 

ft 

O O P<  -H 

o 

cb 

<5 

l>  OS 

o 

EH 

M 

ft 

Pi 

ft 

ft 

0 ra 

O 

■p  a 

O 

• Pi  0 

ft 

ft 

HH  O Pi 

CO 

H 

ft 

!5:  s Cio 

EH 

CO 

ft 

CO 

'■■ij  EH 

Pi 

EH 

0 

00 

<q  CO 

• rd  »d  4^ 

a 

«0 

rP  H Pi 

^ O 0 O 

0 

o 

<q  > 


CQ 

• fd 
H CH  -H 
O O O 
> > 


fcC5t<ilOlOHiH'=;J«CVj 

(T)J>'C»t~a^HC\2tQ 

tC5C<3I«tQC<3'^'^'^ 


C>'^'X)CQrHl>-LQi-Q 
• ••••••• 

j>Cv2Q0tQCv2t<jH'^O 

CvjCvJCvJcvJtc^sHiOiO 

I— JiHrHrHrHrHrHrH 


lOCcJ'^Oc7>lOC<iL<^ 

• ••••••• 

tOCVJtOCVZtQ'^lOiO 

tOCOtOtQt<)tQtOt<5 


LOiOiOOOiQiOiQ 
• ••••••• 

CvJ^t<3O(MC>-C-0 

i>-oococy>cr>coaO(j> 

lOCOWtOtQtOC^tQ 


OOOiOCOOOO 

• ••  ••••• 

O^rHO 

Ocr»cy>o^(3^ 

UD  O <X)  I>-  '-0  O cO 


M W 
cb  <t; 
M EH 


« « 
o o 


o 

3 


ft 


3 

•=IJ 

to 


o 

EH 

o 

1-q 


5H  m 
CD  a 

• CD 
cd  Pi 
^ ^ CiD 


4^ 

P! 

0 

a 

0 

o 


4^ 


a 

0 

Pi 

1>D 


- O 

0 O 


fd 

s:i 

0 

CO 


00 


■p 

fe?- 


u 

w 


0|o 


OOOOOIPOIO 


lO  ft  £> 

CD  (J>  O (Xi  to 

rH  1 — 1 rH 

• 

CO 

CO 

LO 

TO 

o 

1 — I 

• 

a 

• 

0 

o 

•rH 

Pi 

0 

rH 

CiO 

CM 

CT» 

■sf* 

o 

o» 

• 

X 

ft 

• 

rH 

H 

• 

CD 

ft 

o 

• 

r — 1 

• 

CVI 

O 

CM 

O 

ft 

CO 

. O 

•d 

•d 

CM 

H 

fd 

rH 

o 

rH 

o 

rH 

O 

Ph 

o 

• 

tl 

{| 

O 

fl 

“ 

'H 

ft 

O 

O 

O 

r-H 

O 

4- 

0 

0 

• 

0 

•rH 

N 

• 

rH 

4^ 

f 

Pi 

•H 

-P 

o 

0 

0 

EH 

CO 

> 

ft 

CD 

O 

• 

ft 

t: 


i 


1 ^ 


i 


— 


V r 
L 


f--.  f. 


C 


I 


i 


V 


J 


i 

* 

t. 


[■ 


/ 


/ 


I 

I 

I 


I 


\ 

1 


I 


t 

i 

I 

i 

; 

? 


♦ 

i 


-j  • 


I 


.45 


r 

) 


I 

i 


I 

I 
♦ 

\ 


. I'i  4 


I 


c; 


c 


1 

f 


1;: 


i 

i i 


t 


i 

I 

i 


u 

» 


V-'  ■• 


E74 


■r} 

Pi 

0 

•H 

ra  0 

Pi  a 

a 

0 *P 

• 

rH  EH 

u 

xi 

oHl>Osl<aOtQGOCV2lOcn 

ooooooooooo 


EH 


CV3 


!>h 

EH 

M 

i> 

a 

c!j 

o 


o 

Ph 

CO 


o 

CV2 


3 

o 


o 

ro 

pq 

<=15 

EH 

W 

O 

« 

pq 

Ph 


IT3 


O 

P 

<q 

CO 


UD 

£>- 

O 

CO 


o 


EH 

O 

P 


(1) 

CQ  ?H  S 
rd  0)  -P  fJ 

•H  p4  rH 

o do 
> t>  l> 


■60 

H CH  -d  M O 

O O ^ -H  O 

> OS 


CQ 

• <d 
H «H  -H 
O O O 
> > 


• -P 
-P  fH 
& O 


?H 

CO  ra 


S 

CO 
_ J-i 

S W) 


CO 

pq 

<=q  EH 

EH 

5h 

<15  CO 

0 CQ 

P P 

• fd  "p  a 

M 

■P  rH  Pi  P CO 

P o 

^ 0 CO  0 Pt 

cq  *> 

s S 60 

P 

M ft}  • 

O <15 

JH  ra 

M EH 

• 0 a 

Pm  pi 

-P  OT 

0 0 

& CO  P 

s 

^ 60 

+3 

id 

0 

a 

0 

o 


- o 
o o 


xa 

S 

0 

60 


- O 
CO  o 


p! 

(0 

CO 


m 

a 

0 

60 


QQCOci<cOcOHlOtQOOt>tO 

o<^Ocooooocr>Hc\JCOuQ 

^CQ<dCQtOCOtO<d'=J^-^'^ 


lOlOlOCOCOCOlOCJ^COLQlO 
• •••••••••• 

H^cj>cT»o>'-OH'sj<cQcy>o 

^ CQ  tq  (X2  c\2  C\3,CQ  LQ  LO  j> 

i— { t — ! I — I I — I I — I I — I rH  I — 1 I — I rH  rH 


oooooooooo^oooo 

• •••••••••• 

E>*  O ^ rH  O CO  LQ 

^H^'^^CQCQCQCQLOUQtO^- 

tQCQCQCQCQLQCQCQCQtQCO 


1010U310LOOOOOOO 
• •••••••••• 

C'-OrHOO<4’<4<<4<COGC>W'=i< 

^tOtoc-aO(j>cr>aDaocr>cji 

tQCQt^fcQCQWCQCQfcQCOL'Q 


IQLOIOIOIOOOOOOO 

• •••••••••• 

CQ<£)  O'^OOO<4<'=^G0O 

LOd>  oaoa>00<j»o^cr»o 


iOIOLOlOUQLOlOOcDlqO 
tQ'=4^COMDO-00O»rHcvJ-^I> 
H H H H 
O 

CM 


W 

• 

a 

• 

0 

Sh 

CO 

0 

p 

o> 

•rH 

p 

0 

CM 

60 

<3^ 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

• 

LO 

to 

• 

* 

• 

to 

0 

CO 

rs« 

10 

CM 

0 

CM 

p 

0 

CQ 

rd 

rH 

CM 

>d 

fd 

CM 

H 

rd 

P 

0 

II 

0 

P 

0 

p 

II 

S 

0 

‘=S 

0 

S 

'H 

s 

• 

— 

«H 

iO 

0 

0 

0 

1 — ! 
CO 

•+• 

0 

Q 

• 

0 

.r-l 

tsi 

• 

rH 

p 

u 

_ 

•H 

■P 

0 

CO 

EH 

CO 

SQ 

& 

> 

P 

d|o 


GO 

O 


t 


275 


CO 

EH 

CO 

p p 

M 

<sj  > 

M « 

c!> 

M EH 

o o 


«X) 

t> 

CM 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

ci> 


o 

I— I 
M 


O 

g 

CO 


o 

«X) 


p 

o 


EH 


P 

w 

o 

CO 

P 


EH 

P 


p 


cr> 
I — I 

p 


o 

P 

P 

p 

«=j; 

w 


o 

p 

p 

o 

p 


»d 

<D  ® 

M a 

(fl  EH 
rH 

w 


•H 

a 


p 


ou  g 

-P  P 

•rH  <3J  *rH  f-H 
O p d O 

> P > 


CQ 

• fd 
H «H  ‘H  O 
O O O O 
> > 


bQ  • 
• -H  M O 
H «H  Jh  -H  O 
O O O S 
> 


U 

d CO 

-p  a 


• Jh  d 

HQ  ^ 

^ S c»0 


u 

d 03 

• rd  Id  -P  a 

+3  H d 

& o d o 


g ^ no 


u ra 

o a 

• HJ  d 
d ?H 

^ ^ P 


•p 

o 

a 

® 

o 


® 

o 


CO 

a 

d 

fH 

no 


- o 

d o 


GO 

a 

d 

u 

no 


i>toc^Hioa>c^<oa> 

OPHHCMCMCVJCOIOCQ 


OOOOOOOOO 


tOtOO-^GOCDOC-CM 

a^iOLOLO^OCOOtOt- 


O^OOIOOIOUOO 

»•••••••• 

m00t>-cr>‘C3'O!>':4<00 
w O O O H CM  to  in  £> 
pHi-HHHHHHHH 

o^oomommo 

• •••»•*••• 

WOOOHcMtOmo 

totocotncncocntoto 


OOOOOOOOO 

tOl>-tQtOOLOCMCMa» 


OOOOOOOOO 

toc^totoomwcMOi 


oomoommmo 

COO>CT>OPCM'^OC> 

H H H P P H 


o 

o 

p 

i 

• 

012 

in 

CO 

p 

d 

• 

o 

p 

u 

o 

CM 

O 

no 

C7> 

• 

X 

P 

o» 

o 

o 

o 

cr> 

P 

P 

CM 

o 

to 

CM 

•> 

CQ 

# 

fd 

«d 

CM 

a> 

II 

II 

P 

•d 

P 

o> 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

*=H 

f=2| 

o 

O 

?H 

.. 

•P 

P 

o 

O 

p 

o 

+ 

P 

d 

® 

o 

• 

® 

st~ 

CM 

•H 

Jh 

tq 

•rH 

• 

p 

p 

o 

P 

d 

d 

P 

CO 

>• 

P 

d|o 


O 

rH 


I 


I 

■ t:?  • 


} 


\ 


I 


.1 


I 


P 


& 


[v 


\ I, 

4 • 


ORIGIEAL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOID  TESTS 


o 

o 

t- 

CO 

• 

• 

cvj 

o 

o 

M 

>H 

EH 

EH 

Ph 

M 

> 

o 

CO 

PQ 

Cf 

o 

EH 

w 

& 

pq 

Q 

o 

« 

Ph 

PI 

ro 

Ph 

cr» 

1—1 

CD 

to 


O 

Q 

CO 


o 

3 

EH 

3 


•H 

CO 

C\2 

cO 

H 

cO 

1 — 1 

ID  cnr 

CD 

a 

o 

1 — 1 

1 — 1 

CM 

CM 

CD 

CD^J 

03 

(D 

s 

CO 

•r^ 

• 

1 — 1 

EH 

Pi 

w 

xi 

o 

O 

O 

O 

O 

O 

0 

0 

o 

03 

p 

cO 

o 

ID 

CO 

02 

£> 

sH  CM 

ti 

Pi 

-P 

3 

ID 

CO 

O 

o 

rH 

O-  rH 

•H 

(D 

•H 

1 — 1 

to 

tQ 

to 

to 

tQ 

CD 

ID 

O 

ft  R 

o 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

> 

1=2  > 

03 

o 

CO 

CM 

CO 

o 

sH  O 

• 

nd 

• 

• 

# 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

rH  CH 

•H 

o 

o 

GO 

to 

cO 

<32  O 

O 

O 

O 

o 

1 — 1 

Oi 

co 

CO 

02 

O 

rH 

l> 

> 

rH 

1 — 1 

rH  1 — 1 

• 

O 

CD 

CM 

CO 

o 

O 

• 

t>D 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

H CH 

•H 

o 

O 

sj< 

c- 

CD 

tD 

CO 

<32  O 

O 

O 

Pi 

•H 

o 

rH 

(T» 

00 

CD 

02 

O 

1 — 1 

> 

og 

to 

CVl 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CD 

CD  CD 

Pi 

(0 

03 

O 

o 

o 

O 

ID 

O 

0 

0 

H^ 

a 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

Pi 

cO 

CVJ 

Cvj 

ID 

CD 

O 

CD 

CM  O 

+=> 

O 

Pi 

H 

ID 

ID 

D 

CD 

'sH 

• <xi  'tS  4-^ 
P H 

&:  O CO  O 


CO  ra 


a 

00 

f4 


fH  02 
(D  e 
• -P  00 
+5  00  JH 
& tiO 


■p 

5:1 

02 

a 

o 


- o 

o c 


03 

a 

CO 
1P»  ?4 
>:  CiD 


- o 

aj  o 


scl 

(M 

CO 


03 

a 

03 

5h 

CjO 


co|o 


OOOOlOOOO 

• ••••••• 

CMCvJLC3CDu3CDC^O 

Hst<lOLC3LO^'=i’^ 


OOlDOOIOIDO 


cOJ>I>-CD<320CMlD 

1 — 1 1 — 1 1 — 1 

ID 

4 

o 

CD 

02 

CD  • 

a 

• 

rH  Pi 

CO 

o 

•P 

Pi 

o 

w 

rH 

o 

CM 

o 

• 

<32 

ID  M 

• 

rH 

• 

o 

o 

irj  O CM 

o 

CM 

•1 

ID 

CD 

r-4  CM  rH  rd 

fd 

CM 

H 

<d 

1 — 1 

II  II  O 

H 

o 

o 

O 

Pi 

O " 

<HH 

<0 

, o o 

CH 

O 

<32  , 

O 

(M  I"  CO  CD 

• 

<D 

^ -H  N 

• 

rP 

-P 

- Pi  -P 

-P 

O 

CO 

CO  EH  CO 

> 

ft 

LD 

CD 

277 


279 


CO 
EH 
<TJ  CO 

o 


M ^ 

°o 

m 


o 

to 

Cv2 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

<q 

C!5 

O 

M 

Ph 

I— I 

o 

1x1 

Ph 

CO 


p 

<tj 

CO 


o 

p 

• 

o 


EH 

a 

o 

CO 

ffl 

<q 

O 

« 

pq 


to 

00 

00 

to 


o 


EH 

O 

P 


C»u 

«H  -H  • 
O O -H  O 
1>  0^0 


fd 

•H 

Q) 

a 

to  o 

ft  a 

CO  P 

• 

p p 

r^q 

© 

ra  a 
rd  -p  3 

•iH  QJ  'H  P 

o P 5:1  o 
> !=>  >• 


OQ 

• <d 
P <H  *H 

o o o 

> > 


• -p 
P ?H 
o 

s 


P) 

cd  to 


fH 
W) 

Jh 

CO  CO 

♦ rd  P a 

P H pj  CO 

^ q CO  o ?H 


fn  ra 

• ® a 

p p CO 


p 

ioj 

<D 

a 

Q> 

O 


- O 

o o 


p 


CO 

a 

CO 

u 

w 


tOOlOO'^i^OpLOOrHtO 

OPPPCvlCvjt^tOtO^st^ 


OOOOOOOOOOO 


rHPtO'^(J>tOcr»tOCOCvlP 

a»I^-'tl^(^3^^(Mcotoc^>cvIlO 

totocototototococo^-^ 


COOOOOO'sl^iOO'^OO 

• •••••••••• 

COOOtOtOtOCOW'^Oi'PslI 
CtJPOO>CT>CT>OPcVI'^tO 
rH  H H 


p p I — I p l-4 


Cvj00000<tj<l00-«4<00 
• •••••••••a 

CaC0tOtOC0lO03'4^Cr>tO'^ 

c\jPci)<j>cr>o>oPc\2sj<to 

tOCOCOCv2(MCv3tOtOCOCOCO 


lOOOtOtOOOOlOLOO 

• •••••••••• 

^■>4<corHoocj»ioooa>oo 

0)HtOiOliOiOiO'^t<COtOO:i 

U3OOl«l0OOOlQ10>O 
• •••••••••• 

^^^t^COHOOcjilOOOCS^OO 

(0>HtOiOtOiOLO':^iCOtO<M 

t0I>-OC^!>-O£>OOOlt- 


LQIOOLOOIOPOOOO 
tO£>OOOOCDO>OCVJ'tHtOOO 
p p p p p 


o 

o 

p 


o 

p 

CO 


•rH 

M 

C\2 


m 

a 

CO 

u 

w 


o 

o 

to 


'=i‘ 

o 

(M 


p 

(M 

CJi 


CM 


CO 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

»d 

•d 

o 

rH 

CM 

CM 

r — 1 

•d 

P 

u 

fd 

o 

p 

o 

© 

II 

II 

o 

g 

CO 

CO 

grams 

o 

p 

o 

p 

p 

o 

• 

p 

260 

+ 

1 — 1 
CO 
•H 

© 

tsi 

o 

• 

• 

1 — 1 

© 

p 

•B 

u 

p 

p 

o 

© 

p 

CO 

o 

CO 

o 

• 

1 — 1 

it 


E60 


E81 


ro 

EH 

r/3 

Eh  Eh 

P P 

M 

P o 

. jq  t> 

P 

M pcj 
Cis  <Ii 

M £H 
« PI 

°a 


o 

CM 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

<*3 

C> 

o 

M 

M 

O 

7A 

P 

cn 


P 

P 

<*3 

CO 


o 

' H 
■H 
P 
P 
O 
CO 
p 
<13 

P 


O 

« 

P 


tQ 

CO 

CO 

10 


o 

p 


p 


5h 

to 

CD 

•rH 

CO 

<D 

a 

P 

a 

CO 

•rH 

• 

t — 1 

P 

u 

o 

pq 

xi 

CD 

to 

p 

o 

o 

p 

00 

o 

O 

CO 

CO 

to 

rH 

to 

lO 

to 

LO 

00 

-P 

CO 

to 

CO 

CO 

o 

p 

to 

CO 

o 

fH 

•rH 

CD 

•H 

P 

to 

CO 

CO 

to 

to 

CO 

to 

L<3 

LO 

sj< 

o 

> 


P s:i  O 

P > 


OQ 

• 

'd 

• 

fH 

p 

•rH 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

> 

> 

• 

• 

C>0 

« 

p p 

•rH 

M 

o 

o o 

•ri 

o 

=» 

O 3 

fH 

CO 

CO 

p 

a 

• 

f^ 

0 

-p 

o 

fH 

tjD 

fH 

0 

CO 

• 'CJ 

nd  p 

a 

p»  p 

a 

fH 

0 

^ o 

CO 

o 

krH 

fc-> 

p 

CjO 

fH 

ta 

0 

a 

• 

p 

0 

-P 

CO 

U 

W 

• 

- 

o 

O 

o 

-P 

0 

a 

CO 

0 

• 

a 

o 

P 

0 

fH 

W) 

- o 

CO  O 


s:3 

00 

CO 


CQ 

a 

■P  CO 

fH 

bO 


C0|o 


tOPtotOPCOCvIHOOcO 

sWHPOcTiOO'^H^'iJlO 

oOOOcT>cocr>OPcO'=^' 

I—ll — Ipp  pppp 


UPPOCOPIOPHOOIO 
^ H P o cr>  GO  'O  H 'sH  to 

OOOOcTsCOCj^OcMtO'^f' 

tcjtOtOCOPPPtOlOtOtO 

I>LQOLOIOOIOIOLOOO 

• •••••••••• 

0>I>(J>LOOOHPOCZ3rH 

O^OOHP'>{<COtOPOH 


£>iOOuOiOOiOiOiOOO 

• •••••■•••a 

Cj>£>CJ>lOOOPPOCOP 

O^OOPcM'^tOtQPOrH 


lOOiQOiOOiOLOOOO 

iovoo£>oa3oocy>Htoto 

rH  P H 


UO 


o 

• 

CO 

CO 

p 


lO 


CO 

lO 

p 


o 

o 


lO 

CO 


p 

il  - 

p 
CO 

-H 

u 

p 


• 

a 

CO 

p 

•rH 

a 

• 

CM 

0 

o 

(T> 

fH 

o 

P 

bli 

•> 

O 

O 

C^ 

O (M 

O 

CM 

CM 

o 

to 

(M  ■d 

fd 

rd 

I — 1 

fd 

1 — 1 

o 

ir  o 

P 

o 

a 

o 

0 

- p 

p 

o o 

P 

o 

o 

+ © 

• 

© 

N 

• 

1 — 1 

P 

••  *rH 

p 

o 

0 

0 CO 

J=* 

P 

282 


tn 

EH 

cn 

EH  EH 

1-^  l-H 
•<!  O 
3 > 
M 

CJ?  (KJ 
M 

« Bi 
O « 
o 


o 

to 

CVJ 


O 

i-H 


>H 

EH 

EH 

P4 

• 

M 

S 

bD 

> 

0 

• 

•H 

M 

05 

CO 

'H  H 

•H 

pq 

0 

0 0 

c!> 

> 

0 

EH 

SH 

M 

© 

m 

pq 

P» 

a 

M 

0 

• H 

© 

0 

P 0 

u 

Ph 

?5:  m 

w 

Ph 

W 

CD 

Ph 

to 

CD 

CD 

to 


• 

a 

0 

© 

^ 0 

0 

p 

3 EH 

<q  0 

CO  t-q 

(D 

CO  <D 

ph  a 

CO  -rH 

H Eh 


© 


o>  t-i  a 

fd  © +3  p 
PrH  rH 

5:3  O 

t=>> 


•H 

O 

S> 


ra 

• >d  • 

iH  tH  -H  O 
0000 
> > 


O 


u ra 
© S 


• >d  fd  -P 
hP  H Sh 

^ o © o 


u ra 
© a 

• -p  © 
-P  © H 
^ t>D 


■p 

© 


• 

- 0 

• 

0 0 

to 

CO 

ra 

a 

LO 

• © 

• 

P u 

CO 

bO 

0 

rH 

•d 

fl 

© 

CO 


'>t<O(MCVJCDOCV3l0C>- 

(Vjt>-COl>-rHOlOCDOlO 

I>L0L0v0t>CDi>a>O(M 

cocotococococotO'tJ<'tj< 


uocviocvjocviocvjmcvj 

• ••••••••• 

CoHcr>toCDtOO(MlOCD 

HrHOrHH<MCV2COCO'tt< 

rHrHiHrHrHrHrHrHrHrH 


iOCMO(MOCVJO<MtOCvJ 

• ••••••••• 

COHCJ>tOCDLOOCvltOCD 

rHrHOHH(A2CVJCOCO'tl< 

tocotocococococococo 


OtOiOiOiOOiOOtOO 
• ••••••••• 

CD'=1^0'4‘cO(M(Me>i>cvJ 

coa»0(j><3^a>ocr>oo 

COtO'^tOtOCO'=^'CO'=l<'^ 


OLOIOIOLOOIOOIOO 
• ••••••••• 

CDsi<0'^iOC\2CN3l>-Z>-CM 

CDCT>0CT>C7^CJ^0a>00 

tOtOOtOtOtOC^tOOC^ 


OiQOuOOlOiOOOO 
tOtOOOCDCDO^HCOCO 
rH  rH  rH 


O 

o 


C\J 

CVJ 

to 

II 

• 

• 

It 

_ 

0 

to 

© 

0 

to 

*" 

rH 

0 

1 — 1 

+ 

© 

•pH 

ro 

0 

- 

?H 

• 

• 

© 

EH 

P 

§ 

to 

g; 

u 

CO 

bO 

0 

|o 

• 

10 

a 

m 

•1-4 

a 

• 

iH 

© 

0 

CM 

?H 

0 

o> 

bD 

1 — 1 

M 

0 

0 

* 

CM 

0 

CM 

<y> 

to 

CM 

'd 

•d 

1 — 1 

<d 

1 — 1 

0 

H 

0 

0 

0 

■==1 

Fh 

m 

© 

'H 

'H 

m 

0 

qn 

0 

0 

© 

• 

© 

N 

• 

rH 

p 

•H 

p 

0 

© 

CO 

> 

p 

283 


284 


EH 

CO 

rq 

EH  EH 

P CO 
P 
P M 
O 

'H 

Ci5  « 
M 

« eh 
O P^ 

o 


lO 

to 

• 

(M 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

S 

O 

M 

Ph 

M 

O 

P 

CO 


CD 


O 

P 

P 

P 

CO 


o 

o 


p 

o 

!-H 

EH 

P 

P 

o 

CO 

p 

EH 

P 

P 

o 

p 

p 

p 


o 

CJ> 


o 

p 

EH 

O 

P 


bD  • 
«H  -H  M O 
O O -H 

i=-  o S 


© 

a 

ra  © 

p a 

© *p 

• 

p p 

fn 

p 

© 

to  s 
'd  J4-P  3 
© -H  H 

p p» 


•H 

o 

> 


w 

• fd 
H tH  *H 

o o o 

> > 


o 


u 

05  OQ 
-p  s 
• fH  CO 
-P  O 

w 


U 

00  CO 


• fd  'CJ  H-* 
■P  H 
o CO  o 


CQ 

a 


© 

• -p  cfl 

© fs 


■p 

© 

a 

© 

o 


fd 

a 

05 

CO 


W 


- o 
o o 


CQ 

a 

CO 
CjD 


- O 

CO  o 


m 

a 

CO 

U 

bD 


©|o 


t<3  H b-  CO  CO  C\J  to 
rH  P CVj  W CO  sH 


O O O O O O O 


ococoaooo'tj^iooo 

lOC^O^CJ^OCO'sd^tO 

«;J4'>HCOCO'ti<*tit'^'<^ 


OCQOiOOlOlOO 

• ••••••• 

(MlQ'^iOOtOCOO 

C-COCOCO':;JtLO'OaO 

hhhhhhhh 


lOOLOOWOOlO 

• ••••••• 

toooooiopp'=^ 

£>tOCONl<sd<tOtOP 

COtOCOCOCOCOCOCO 


OlOiCOOiOlOO 

• ••••••• 

lOCOPcvJPPPO 

COCO'^''^^'^'^'^'^ 


OlOiOOOiOlOO 
• ••••••• 

COOOOOOOOtO 
to  00  P (M  CO  (M  p H 
(OtOOOJ>C^05>- 


OLOOIOOIOOO 
^^>coOHtQ'tj^toao 
p p p p p p 


o 

p 


to 

p 

CO 


lO 

Ct2 

o 

p 


(M 

o 

p 


o 

o 


CQ 

• 

a 

• 

© 

o 

•H 

In 

o 

1 — 1 

bD 

CM 

o 

cn 

O 

• 

P 

lO 

• 

• 

tO 

o 

« 

Cv3 

o 

CV2 

c- 

O 

CQ 

CVJ 

P 

P 

P 

,© 

1 — 1 

P 

P 

o 

II 

II 

O 

P 

o 

o 

© 

F-H 

— 

'H 

p 

O 

O 

o 

P 

O 

if 

© 

© 

• 

© 

*rH 

N 

• 

p 

M 

•r^ 

o 

© 

© 

P 

CO 

p 

TTBd 


EH 

CO 

n p\ 

M 


<q 

;si 


o 


w 

Ci5  <=q 
M EH 
Ph  M 
O Q 


IP 

o 

© 

W E 

Tb  Pi  p P 

to 

o 

•H  © «rH  rH 

• 

• 

O Pi  sU  O 

OJ 

o 

ra 

• t::!  • 

00 


o 


p 

i^i 

CO 


r-H  tH  O 

Pi 

O O O O 

O 

> > 

•—1 

>H  EH 

eh  PH 

• 

M « 

• CiO  . 

!>  O 

p 'H  ‘ H M © 

<q  CO 

O O P tH  © 

PP 

> o ^ 

C3 

O EH 

© ra 

p a 

w O 

• P CO 

O 

POP 

pq  « 

^ 

PH  M 

EH  CO  S 

CO 

p 

PE] 

03  W 

EH 

• ttzJ  nd  +3  g 

3 

Cf^ 

C<3 


o 


Eh 

O 

i-q 


't:# 

ra  <D 

Ph  s 

CO  -H 
«-l  EH 


a 


+3  pH 

^ o 


f-i 
0 
• +3 
•P  CO 


Pi  CO 
O Pi 
^ W] 


ra 

a 

CO 

Pi 

W) 


P 

PJ 

© 

a 

© 

o 


- o 

o o 


p 

fe- 


ra 

a 

CO 

W) 


- o 
03  O 


Ti:J 
P) 

CO 

to  P 


ra 

a 

CO 

Pi 

ClO 


^cTit<:)cr>'^cr>cQ(T>ioi>co 

OOiHpHcvj(XItC5tOsfv:J<'<;l< 


OOOOOOOOOOO 


£>CD'PCMT;j400HpHO'^H(M 

CvjOCDCDOOCDOCMt^lOCO 


• •••••••••• 

(MrHOOi^OOitOOO'^O^O 

LQ'^CXlCMoaoatQ'^lOOC!^ 

i—JrHi~lrHr— tiHrHiHr— IrHrH 


OiPOowcv3cvjooc7>cr>ao 

• •••••••••a 

j>-lOt^rHC\2KilrHCVJ(r)tO'<^ 

COtOt^tOtOtOtOCOtQtOtO 


OlOOOiOOOOiOlOO 

• •••••••••a 

O^iOsiHiOtoCQCOCvjOO- 

t>-a>HC\2CM(Mcv2Hcv3HO 


OlOOOiOOOOiOlOO 

• •••••••••• 

'Ost^LOsjHiO'Ptocricucojs 

OO^rHC^CVlCVJOJrHCVJrH  O 


OOOOIOOOIOIOIOO 

t>-C0CJiOOHc\Jt:QU5l>-O 

iHr-lrHrHrHiHrHc\J 


CV2 

o 

p 

• 

• 

H 

pj 

ra 

© 

CM 

CO 

•H 

a 

© 

Crt 

rH 

© 

1 — 1 

C<5 

p 

o 

tiD 

• 

• 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

CM 

IP 

• 

CM 

o 

CM 

• 

to 

Xi 

CV2 

o 

Td 

o 

o 

CM 

CM 

rH 

'd 

rH 

p 

pH 

O 

H 

O 

© 

fl 

II 

O 

"• 

P 

© 

O 

P 

O 

<M 

rH 

O 

+ 

© 

© 

• 

© 

C\J 

•rH 

N 

• 

iH 

p 

*• 

P 

P 

O 

© 

© 

EH 

CO 

n 

C0|U 


O 

O 

• 

rH 


u 


J 


t 


V 


j 


i.'' 


P 


I 


I 


bj 


f 


' 1 


J 


'*  V — ■ 


288 


•H 

<D 

a 

CQ  (D 

p^  a 

• 

(0  P 

u 

p p 

p 

OOOJOOfcQO  lOHo> 
OrHHcMCVJ  COsi<sH 

OOOOOOOO 


CO 

EH 

CO 

<;  pq 

EH  eh 
<q 

P CO 
R 
P M 
O 
P > 
M 

C!5  « 
M *^1, 

O M 
O 


65 

o 

• 

o 

C\2 

• 

o 

O 

M 


(D 

CQ  S 

-d  -p  3 

•H  0)  *H  P 
O P4ri  O 

> t=>> 


CO 

• p • 

rH  -H  O 

O O O O 


>H 

EH 

p 

M 

s 

• 

> 

o 

• 

w 

Ph 

CO 

P P 

•H  M 

• 

p 

o o 

^ 'd 

o 

CS 

<q 

> 

o ^ 

o 

o 

p 

M 

u 

El 

P 

o 

to  93 

p a 

o 

• 

;h  CO 

pq 

p 

Pi 

p 

o u 

CO 

P 

fH 

d 

OQ 

• P 

p p 

a 

P P 

?H 

CO 

^ O 

CO  o 

Jh 

3 

00 


o 

o> 

CO 


o 


n 

<q 

CO 


o 

EH 

o 

p 


-p 

& 


u 

o 


CQ 

s 

d 

5H 

t«3 


O 


■P 

Sh 

0) 

a 

<D 

C3 


P 

tr;: 


O 

O 


CQ 

c»o 


- o 

CO  o 


fd 

CO 

CO 


p 


CQ 

a 

CO 

fn 

W) 


cy>Oioa>0(Xia>cr> 
I — IOg^GOOOO' — I 


oococooococ>-aoco 

• ••••••• 

C^'OtOOvOC^PCO 
PCOt<5tQCOLO'4<'=d< 
PPi — li — li — li — IPP 


OOOOOO^OLO 
• •■••••• 

E<^Wai«3CV3a3J>-tQ 

^X^'=i^CQt<5'^pvl^lQ 

COWCQtOCOCQCOtO 


OOLOOOOOiO 
• ••••••• 

CvJCvj^ptOCDoCO 

ioooo(j»a>cr^cT>o 

COtQCOtQlCOtQC<5'4< 


OOLOOOOOlO 

• ••••••• 

oocoooaipmcr> 

LQOa^ooiOOO 

tOU3iOOOl>-E>-I>- 


oiooooooo 

10«JOOOO^OP(M-^ 
P P P P 

(Ti 

• 

to 

to 


lO 

O 

P 

W 

• 

iO 

o 

CQ 

CV3 

1 — 1 

• 

1 — 1 

il 

II 

o 

p 

»i« 

O 

P 

+ 

CO 

•H 

» 

u 

CO 

cd 

p 

p 

ra 

• 

a 

• 

d 

CO 

o 

p 

?H 

o 

bJ'l 

p 

o 

p 

o 

• 

<3> 

X 

• 

1 — 1 

p 

o 

oa 

o 

p 

IQ 

p 

p 

1 — 1 

P 

p 

o 

P 

o 

O 

Q 

m 

fH 

CO 

p 

p 

o 

P 

o 

O 

<0 

• 

(D 

N 

• 

rH 

P 

•rH 

P 

O 

CO 

CO 

> 

R 

oo|o 


o 

lO 


I 

T 


V 


I 

i 

! 

1 

I 

» 

I 

I 

f. 


f 


i 

i 


<i  - 


i 

% 


f 


i- 


u 


r 


I 


• t 


I 

i 


OHIGIIUL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOIDS  TEST 


® 

•H 

cvj 

CT> 

to 

(T> 

CT> 

to 

to 

ra 

(D 

a 

o 

O 

1 — 1 

1 — 1 

03 

03 

to 

to 

P^ 

a 

CO 

•H 

a 

1 — 1 

EH 

?H 

O 

O 

o 

O 

O 

O 

o 

o 

o 

289 


lO 

o 

tD 

o 

a 

a 

o 

<D 

0) 

i 

P B 

•rH 

<D  "H  rH 

O 

ft  fj  o 

> 

!=3  > 

y3C»0>(McO'^CTiCMtO 

CoC«-'OC>-t-OOOc\2l:^ 


03 

• 

»d 

• 

o 

rH 

o 

M 

O 

O O 

o 

{H 

EH 

> 

EH 

ft 

M 

« 

> 

O 

• 

:3 

CO 

• 

C»0  M 

a 

« 

pq 

H CH 

•H  tH 

O 

c!j 

<! 

O O 

fH  S 

o 

O 

o 

EH 

M 

ft 

ft 

'H 

O 

CO  03 

O 

p a 

’'A 

ft 

• 

JH  CO 

ft 

ft 

P 

O ^ 

CO 

ft 

!H 

CO 

03 

a fd 

fd  P 

a 

P rH 

PJ  ^ 

CO 

^ o 

CO  o 

b£ 

oOCTiUDOOOo^OtQ 

»•••••••• 

CO'^dHCTiH^OOHOOO 

CVjCviHWCMCM'^mLQ 

r-l>~trHrH  iHtHrHrHrH 


OiCvJHGOOCvIiHWLO 

• •••••••a 

tocT>LQ^oco^uratQ 

tOCvICVJCafcCJtO'^lO'X* 

tOtOtOCOtOCOtQtOtQ 


OLOLOOOOOlqO 

• •••••••a 

(MtONt<a»aDOtoiOGO 

j>co<T>cr»cr>oc»G^a> 

tototototo'^l^t^toto 


OlOLOOOOOlOO 

aaaaaaaaa 

c\atO'^cr>oootQiooD 

i>-oooia»a»oa>cr>cr> 

«j3^0<JD^<-0£>'.0;0'X) 


U 03 

<D  a 

a -p  CO 
•p  CO 
“5:  ^ Cd3 


OOOOiOiOOOO 

lomdinoocoo^hcoio 

rH  iH  iH 


00 


O 

CT^ 

to 


o 

(=\ 

•=5 

CO 


o 


s^ 

o 

Hi 


a 

ft 

“ o 

a 

P 

o o 

to 

PJ 

to 

<D 

a 

<D 

O 

a 03 

p a 

m 

•?:  00 

o J 

a 

fH 

1 — 1 S 

03 

C3 

•H 

a 

O 

rH 

CO 

03 

fH 

O 

ft 

to 

a 

H 

• 

a 03  }k5 

N.  O 

rH  • 

o 

o 

a 

CO  o 

C-  lO  03 

o 

03 

OD 

H O 

to 

<03 

03  fd 

<d 

'CJ 

1 — 1 

fd 

rH 

Xi 

rn 

II  o 

rH 

O 

O 

GQ 

• S 

tHI  03  S 

O 

U 

CO 

■P  CO 

lO 

CO 

If— • 

u 

II  - P 

P 

" W) 

o o 

P 

O 

H 

O 

CO  + ® 

a 

® 

•H  N 

a 

1 — 1 

p 

fH  - -H 

P 

O 

CO 

cQ  EH  OJ  CO 

& 

> 

(A 

O 

CO  O 

• 

lO 

'4 


il 


I 


C 


y 


t 


-i . 


290 


cn 
EH 
CO 
pq 
EH  eh 
<1; 
o 

p» 
M 
O 
3 > 
M 

Cl>  Ph 
!— I <1; 
« EH 

o « 

O 


O 

• 

03 


>H 

EH 

M 

cu 

o 

M 

a 

o 

CO 


rH 

iH 


O 

3 . 

P 

P 

<3; 

CO 


to 

10 


EH 

PH 

o 

CO 

p 

<1; 

EH 

P 

P 

o 

p 

pq 

P 


to 

10 

o 


EH 

O 

P 


M 

H tH  -rH  M O 
O O X)  -H  O 
>•  O ^ 


fH 

CO  3 
+3  S 
• 5h  03 
-P  O fH 
^ ^ W3 


n 

nd  -H 

CD  a 

03  (D 

p a 

CO  "H  • 

H EH  fH 


0 

to  a 

ret  fn  +3  P 
•H  0 tH  P 
O P4  $1:3  O 

> P > 


03 

• Td 
rH  tH  -H 

000 
> > 


• nd  fd  +3 
P H fH 

000 


fH 
0 03 


a 

0 

fH 


f^  03 

0 a 

. -p  0 

+3  0 fH 

^ ^ W) 


•-  o 
o o 


■p 

0 

a 

0 

o 


03 

a 

0 

5H 


p3 

0 

CO 


- o 

0 O 


03 

a 

0 

Jh 

W 


0IO 


,oO•^OloooIa>c^Jto 

oHHCMOJtOtOtO';l<'s}c 


oooooooooo 


aoCOtOrH'CtCtOOl>'^'^ 

~tX)^tOCQ'NjCtOC3'03LO 

fcOCOCOCOtOtOtOtO'4^'^ 


03 

tci 

i-H  rH  H 


03 


0 

0 

03 

03 

0 

0 

to 

0 

CO 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

CO 

(3^ 

0 

to 

to 

1 — 1 

to 

p 

0 

<3> 

0 

0 

p 

to 

to 

rH 

P 

rH 

p 

iH 

iH 

rH 

rH 

0 

0 

03 

03 

0 

0 

10 

0 

00 

• 

# 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

to 

o> 

0 

to 

<0 

rH 

to 

0 

<J> 

0 

0 

iH 

to 

'cic 

tO 

to 

to 

03 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

CO 

0 

lO 

lO 

to 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0>(3^COP'^£>PtOlS'^ 

CT><^3N}^lOLntOP'^t^^^ 


OOlOtOLQOOOOO 

• •••••••*• 

<y>O^t0tOpJ>O3t0!f*^ 

cr»o3'^iotQLOP'^^ 


OOPOLOPOOP^O 

I>PPC3^<3>003ti<^^ 

H H H H P 

O 

O 

H 


O 

rH 

to 


O 

o 

H 


O 

03 

o 


o 

o 

03 


o 


0 


0 

•H 

fH 

EH 


•rH 

03 

nd 

P 

o 


O 

© 

N 

fH 

CO 


03 

a 

0 

fH 

W 

o 

• 

o 

o 

to 


fd 

P 

o 


tp 

o 


-p 

& 


o 

o 

o 

o 

CV3 

fd 

P 

o 


p 

o 


p 

CV3 

<J» 


10 

03 

o 

fH 

0 


• 0 

I — I P 

O 0 

> P 


OHIGOAL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOID  TESTS 


o 

lO 

o 

lO 

• 

• 

Cv3 

o 

o 

M 

EH 

>H 

P 

EH 

P 

hH 

O 

> 

CO 

p 

c3 

p 

O 

M 

m 

a 

o 

O 

p 

pq 

p 

P 

p 

CO 

•q 

p 

p 

o 

lO 

o 

p 

<3> 

rH 

to 

® 

a 

1 — 1 

rH 

p 

p 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

03 

® 

P 

0 

•rH 

• 

H 

EH 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

ro 

® 

02 

o> 

£> 

c- 

1 — 1 

00 

£> 

p 

-P 

p 

£> 

p 

rH 

<T> 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

rH 

lO 

•H 

® 

•H 

rH 

to 

CO 

CO 

to 

P 

CO 

CO 

CO 

to 

o 

> 


> 


03 

• fc5  • 
tH  «H  -H  O 
O O O C3 
> > 


OOOOOLOOIOOLOOO 

^£)CDCX)t0-;:J<y3t0yDC7>O<^ 
cviHcjiO^cocDa^oH'^^q 
^ H I I— I H iH 


• W)  » • 
rH  «H  -H  -H  O 
o o ^ o 
> O 


OOOOOiOOiflOlOOO 

«•••••••••• 

cOQOOOtO'^^C^U3C^O'JD 

CUHCf^OiOOOOOOrH'^^O 

tQtOC\2C^Cv3C\2C\JtQtOCQCQ 


U 

CO  03 

+3  a 

• 03 

+3  O Jh 

& bo 


OlOOOOOCvJiOOOO 

• •••••••••• 

COOcO-^»^tO«X)UO>Ni<tOH 


291 


CO  CQ 

* nd  S 

+3  H sd  ^ cO 

^ O CO  O f^ 

^ ^ ba 


OlOOOOOCVJiOOOO 

O^-^UDC'-'^LOOrHLQOH 

ODOcO-^^UDvOiO'^t'jH 


• (U 
-p  -p 
^ CO 
& 


03 

a 

03 

U 

W 


lOiO  OiOOiOiOOOOO 
UQiO  t-C'CQCDa^HtO'^^- 

I — I I — 1 I — I I — I 


to 

lO 

H O 
rH 


O 

3 O 


p 

p 

*^! 

CO 


EH 

O 

P 


- o 


o o 

H-> 

<0 

a 

03 

® 

• a 

o 

-P  CO 

& ?H 

C)0 

• 

- o 

OT  O 

fd 

s:J 

CO 

CO 

03 

• a 

P cO 

eso 

I> 

O 


to 

• 

to 

to 

H 


O 

o 

to 


• 

03 

'H 

a 

CO 

;-i 

&D 

M 

O 

p 

o 

o 

•d 

CO 

o 

p 

1 — 1 

P 

«d 

o 

H 

tl 

il 

o 

«H 

o 

O 

tp 

H 

o 

+ 

® 

•rH 

tSJ 

• 

•. 

•H 

p 

(0 

P 

CO 

• 

H 

o 

02 

o 

P 

P 

s^^ 

o 

0k 

p 

LO 

P 

fd 

H 

xi 

o 

o 

m 

p 

CO 

RH 

O 

• 

o 

1 1 

p 

o 

05 

> 

P 

o 


292  • 


nd 

0 


M 

S 

K)  ■'"* 
H 


a 


xi 


lOHvOCOH'4<t>'0 

OrHrHHCMCVJOJCQ 


oooooooo 


0 

yD 

0 

10 

• 

• 

(M 

0 

0 

M 

>H 

P 

P 

PH 

1— 1 

« 

> 

0 

CO 

P 

c3 

CO 

EH 


•=1?  CO 
EH 

<j;  EH 


PI  0 

-=q  O 


O 

M 

M 

o 

pq 

Ph 

CO 


EH 

r^q 


o 


PI 

m 

Ph 


CU  (tj 
H <15 
Ph  Eh 
O « 

o 


« 

o 

p 

<q 

CO 


o 

3 

EH 

O 

P 


0 

03  a 
Td  p +>  3 I 
•H  0 ‘H  I — I i 
P ft  s:^  p 

> P >j 


lOCTiCvJOtPlOCQC- 
lqi — lo^i — i^<£)cr>to 
tOCQWCOCOtOtO^ 


m 

* • 

H «H  -H  O 
O O O C3 
> > 


(Dt^iaCD'^OOO 

• ••••#•• 

OCPcvjO>>i<lOO^lO 

HCJ»aoa>OH(X3iO 

rH  H r-H  H H 


• CiD 

H tH  -H  M • 
O O p -H  O 

l>  0^0 


ot^-ioo-^ooo 

• ••••••• 

OtHJ030'=d<lOcniO 

Ha^ooa^oPtMLO 

COMCMWtOCOt^CO 


0 ra 

• a 


4^  p 0 

^ O }H 

m w) 


OIOIOOOOOU5 

• ••••••• 

i>-u30<oH^oOcr» 


0 ra 


• fd  nd  -P  S 
P H p Jh  0 
O 0 p 

s *»a 


OCOlOOOOOlO 

• ••••••• 

C'.too'OHtoocr* 

OWt£)iO^C<5COO 


0 

• p 


P 0 


^ fe: 


TO 

a 

0 

5h 

W) 


ooooomiftio 

oooocr>oHtQLO 

P rH  P P 


P 

a 

0 

a 

0 

o 


o 


p 


o 

0 


0 

a 

0 

5h 

W) 


U5 


O 

• 

00 

CO 

p 


- o 
0 C3 


Oi 

a 

0 

?H 

bO 


10 

10 

LO 

H 


O 

C\3 


O 

O 

02  P 

tt-  II 


O 

+ 

0 


0 

•H 

U 

P 


• 

ra 

a 

P 

P 

0 

• 

CM 

•rH 

u 

0 

CJ^ 

ba 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

0 

• 

•t 

« 

• 

CO 

0 

0 

CM 

CM 

0 

CM 

Td 

CO 

d 

0 

p 

d 

1 — 1 

fH 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

0 

0 

m 

P 

0 

P 

P 

0 

0 

0 

• 

0 

N 

• 

P 

p 

•H 

P 

0 

0 

to 

& 

> 

p 

0|O 


id 

n 

CO 


293 


to 

EH 
<1?  CO 

cq 


Q 

3 


EH 

M 

2 


cu  M 

!-H  <q 

« eh 
O K 
O 


O 

£> 

CvJ 


>H 

EH 

> 

<»1 

d> 

o 

M 

Pq 

M 

a 

CO 


iH 

rH 


O 

fi 

<q 

CO 


to 

IQ 


o 

M 

EH 

l-i) 

« 

O 

CO 

PQ 

<3? 


(=H 

W 

o 

pH 

P£1 

Ph 


CO 

LO 

o 


o 

EH 

o 


w * 

H 'H  -H  M o 

O O ?H  -H  O 

> o a 


t:) 

Q> 

CO  (D 

P4  S 

CO  tH 
H EH 


?H 


(D 


CQ  E 
t5  ^ -P  3 
<D  tH  rH 
P4^  O 

l=>  > 


•H 

O 


CQ 

• t:J 

rH  «H  ‘H 
O O O 
>-  > 


5H 

OJ  CQ 


►-P 
•P  ?H 
& O 


S 

cd 

u 

w 


• fCj  rci  P 
pj  ^ 
& o cd  o 

*5J  ^ 


Jh 
ed  CQ 


S 

Cd 

?H 

W) 


U CO 

0)  a 
. P cd 
P CO  ?H 
^ ^ W3 


P 

0) 

s 

0) 

o 


- o 
o o 


CO 

s 

Cd 

IP  ?H 

: W 


>rS 

s:4 

CO 

CO 


- o 
CO  O 


p 


CO 

a 

CO 

u 

&0 


HOCOOOH^OOCvI 

OOrHrHcMCMCUCOtO 


ooooooooo 


tC3lQtQCOCv3(J>lQOCT> 

I>.lQtOrHCvJ-;i<tOa>CM 

tOtQtOCOCOcOCOtO•;i^ 


OOOlQOrHOOO 

O^OOtOiQOiQOOO 

rHrHOCT>Cr>OH0vJLQ 

rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH 

OOOlQOrHOOO 

• •••••••• 

O^OOtOiQt-LQOOO 

rHrHOa»0>OrHCV2lQ 

COCQCOWCvJCOCOCQCO 


OiQOOOlQOUQO 

• •••••••• 

cOCQ'tl^OlQLOCQaOO 

OOOc\I';i<'tiitOCOCv2H 


OiQOOOiOOiQO 
• •••••••• 

tOtQ^OiQCOCOCDO 

COOCv3*;ll';j<COtO(X2rH 

tOC^OOI>CJ-C^*C>C> 


OOOOOOlQlQO 
lQ'0t>C0cr>OrH^<O 


rH  rH 


to 

to 


IQ 

to 

o 


to 

• 

to 

to 

rH 


O 

IQ 


• 

CQ 

H 

5:5 

g 

(XI 

•r-( 

CO 

• 

CJ^ 

Jh 

0 

rH 

0 

•1 

0 

0 

IQ 

• 

• 

CVj 

o 

ca 

0 

« 

0 

0 

xi 

o 

II 

CO 

(XJ 

0 

o 

u 

(XI 

rH 

1 — I 

fd 

nb 

rH 

s 

II 

II 

0 

rH 

0 

m 

0 

*>l 

_ 

o 

0 

tH 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

+ 

C3 

0 

• 

<D 

•rH 

N 

• 

1 1 

P 

u 

•rH 

4^ 

0 

CO 

CO 

EH 

CO 

>- 

> 

(=\ 

ca|o 


o 

IQ 


294 


'tJ 

PJ 

0 

•fH 

ra  0 
ph  a 

a 

0 P 

• 

ft  Eh 

u 

ft 

ft 

too  ttta>fcOi>cnc\Jsftooo 
OHHHWCvIcvltOCQtQtQ 


OO  OOOOOOOOO 


lO 

(M 


to 

O 


o 

CQ  S 

^ -p  3 

•H  0 *H  I— I 

o ft  a O 
> 1=5  > 


cv2o>  iriLOLotoo(j>H'<^t> 
•^tOtOtOtOCOtOtOvi*'^'^ 


>H 

“■-4 

ft 

o 

'H 
EH 
n 1 

L ^ 

M 

S 

!=> 

O 

S 

CO 

ft 

c!) 

<q 

O 

EH 

M 

ft 

ft 

ft 

O 

o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

ft 

CO 

ft 

to 

EH 
CO 
•^1  K1 
EH  EH 

ft  CO 
ft 
ft  M 
•cq  o 

^ > 
M 

C5  W 
f-H  <T 
ft  EH 
O ft 
O 


to 


LO 

LQ 


• 

o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

to 


o 

2; 


EH 

O 

ft 


02 

• Ti  • 

H «H  -H  CJ 
O O O O 
> 


inOCv20lOlOiOlOlQOO 

• •••••••••• 

LQOCv20DCDHLOCOHHtO 

•^tOrHOOrHrHOJ'^^OCO 

f— IrHrHrHrHr— IrHftftftrH 


• 

60 

• 

IQO 

ft 

o 

LQ 

IQ 

IQ 

LQ 

IQ 

O 

O 

1 — 1 

«H 

•r~f 

X 

o 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

o 

O 

5h 

•H 

o 

IQO 

(X2 

00 

CD 

rH 

IQ 

CO 

rH 

(H 

CQ 

> 

O 

't}^CQ 

ft 

o 

O 

1 — 1 

ft 

CM 

•o 

CO 

CQLQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

CQ 

?H 

5 

0 

lO 

o 

O 

O 

O 

,0 

6 

LQ 

o 

■P 


03  02 

p a 
?H  a 

O ^ 
^ 60 


?H 

03  m 

• rc<  p a 

p H s:l  ?H  CO 

5 O CO  o Sh 

^ ^60 


f-4 

0 

• P 

P 0 


02 

E! 


0 
Jh 

^ 60 


CVJ  to  iQ  to  l>  o CT>  ^ CQ  O 

t-CJiCtJtOCOCOCOCOCOftO 


tnoioooooo 

«••••••  • 

co'Oiotootoc>a» 
£>CTiOacOCQtOCOCO 
t0t0O-O£>I>-£>-  O' 

^ ^ ^ ^ 

■5>-  ^ ^ V SA 

O lO  IQ  o 
OOOtOOOHCO 
lC~C0Cr>O>rHftftrH 


lOtO  O 

• • • 

to  o 

CNjft  O 


OO  o 
iot>-  cy> 


0 

o 


p 


o 

o 


ra 

a 

0 

?H 

60 


- o 

0 O 


nd 

0 

to  • 


p 


ra 

a 

0 

u 

60 


0|O 


o 

o 

ft 

- 

o 

ft  • 

• 

CQ  S 

02 

o 

•H 

a 

o 

0 

ft 

?H 

o 

CQ 

60 

CT^ 

M 

ft 

1 — 1 

O 

O 

o 

O ft 

o 

CQ 

ft  o 

CQ 

to 

O ft  ft 

ft 

CQ 

CQ  ft 

ft 

ft 

o no 

1 — 1 

o 

.0 

. II  S 

o 

*=s 

O 

ft 

k=^ 

fH 

LQ  P 

p 

JO 

CQ  O O 

P 

o 

ft 

o 

+ 00 

• 

0 

P N 

• 

I — i 

p 

*H 

p 

o 

0 

o 0 at  to 

!SC 

> 

PI 

iH 

. 


295 


CO 
EH 
CO 
W 
<tj  EH 
EH 

<jj  CO 

P P 


P 

<1 


o 


<q 

EH 
PI  P4 

o o 


lO 

CVJ 


to 

p 


o 

p 

p 

p 

•=1 

CO 


to 

o 


CO  p-i 


lO 

lO 


o 

p 

EH 

o 

p 


fcJ 

(D 

ra  0 

p a 

cd  -H 

rH  £H 


<D 


CQ 

n3  5L<  +9  fj 
•H  Q)  *H  ( — I 

o Pd  o 

{>  P t> 


tOtOOCMtOCy^caiOGOO-^tOODP 

OOi-IHHPCvj(MCt2tOtOtOLO'^ 


oooooooooooooo 


o»0£>-ototO'<;jio^iotOLOLOcr>o 

Hcr>c>tOLONi<^'<^t(LOt>Ocv3'^cr> 

r;l<tOtOtOfcOtOtOtOtOtO'^^>sI<'^ 


M 

CO 

o 

ir- 

00 

00 

lO 

o 

o 

o 

o 

LO 

to 

to 

o 

o 

>H 

EH 

♦ 

p 

• 

# 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

P 

p 

p p 

•H 

o 

o 

to 

o 

to 

lO 

c~ 

o 

o 

to 

£> 

to 

p 

P 

p 

o 

o 

o 

o 

P 

p 

1 — 1 

iH 

o 

o 

o 

tH 

p 

LO 

to 

p 

> 

O 

> 

> 

iH 

rH 

rH 

p 

p 

rH 

rH 

1 — 1 

iH 

rH 

rH 

*H 

rH 

rH 

-a? 

ro 

P 

• 

CD 

• 

bo 

o 

£> 

00 

act 

lO 

o 

o 

o 

o 

LO 

to 

to 

o 

o 

H P 

•rH 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

« 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

O 

p 

O 

o 

u 

o 

C- 

o 

lO 

o 

to 

lO 

c- 

o 

o 

to 

to 

p 

M 

i=> 

o 

fcp 

o 

P 

p 

rH 

p 

o 

o 

o 

1 — 1 

p 

to 

to 

p 

Ph 

to 

to 

to 

to 

CO 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

to 

O 

o 

'A 

P 

?H 

P 

cd 

CO 

o 

o 

lO 

o 

o 

to 

o 

lO 

o 

o 

LO 

o 

o 

o 

• td 'd  -p 

KP  H d ?H 
^ o cd  o 

pA 


+3 

u 

o 


u 

to 


cd  CO 


d 

tiDl 


CD 


• -p  cd 
+3  cd  ?H 
^ ^ CiD 


-p 

d 

CD 

a 

(D 

o 


- o 

o o 


00 


d 

Cd 

CO 


Cd 

u 

w 


- o 

(d  o 


CO 

p 

od 

d 

CdJ 


Cdio 


OHCUcvJWPtOtOtDCOOtOOrH 

«OCX)<T>OrHC\2CV2(MCv2HOOOCD 


OOIQOOIOOIOOOIOOOO 

OP<MCt2C^2HtO<OtOOOC-lOOH 

tococy^oHcticvicxjcuHOOoco 

lOiOO£>I>I>£>OE>I>-OJ>-C>tO 


lOOtQOiOOlOOlOtOOOOO 
0£>-c^cocr>cr>cs^ooHcotO£>cr> 
iH  P P P P P P 


tO 

to 


c- 

o 

C\2 


to 

to 

to 

p 


to 

to 

to 


o 

CVJ 


o 

o 

CV2  P 
!l  It 


u 

p 

+ Cd 
p 

- u 

Cd  P 


• 

d 

CQ 

•H 

a 

• 

cd 

o 

p 

d 

o 

p 

bX) 

p 

M 

1 — 1 

o 

o 

p 

o 

p 

• 

to 

to 

p 

p 

p 

i — 1 

p 

I — 1 

o 

p 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

o 

*=3J 

f—i 

d 

p 

p 

Cd 

o 

p 

o 

o 

CD 

• 

CD 

tq 

• 

! — 1 

p 

•rH 

o 

Cd 

> 

PI 

296 


(H 

lO 


O 


•rH 

<D 

a 

02  0) 

ft  a 

CO  -H 

• 

ft  E^ 

pq 

<D 

CO  S 

>ci  -P  3 
•H  <D  ‘H  rH 

o Pi  s:J  o 
> !=)  !> 


^^<£)O■54^00Hl^-G0<^2^P^-a> 

HHiHCV2CVlcvltQtQtO'^^'^'^ 


ooooooooooooo 


LQHlPCT>£>-^'4<0'^CT>iP'^0 

^iptQCvJtO(MC'aHCM'^£>o^H 


O 

M 


>1 

EH 

E^ 

Pi 

M 

ft 

> 

O 

CO 

ft 

cb 

<c, 

o 

EH 

M 

ft 

■ ft 

ft 

M 

O 

O 

ft 

ft 

Pi 

CO  CO 

ft 

EH 

CO 

ft 

^ EH 

E^ 

CO 

PI  n 

n 

ft  o 

<?  > 

'til 

ft  M3 

IP 

'-I  ft  ft 

IP 

Ci5 

sii 

l-H  EH 

ft  ft 

O O O 

O 

^ ft 

ft 

>=^  £H 
O 
CO 


m 

• 

rd 

• 

ftSH 

•rH 

o 

O O 

O 

o 

> 

> 

• 

. w 

ft  tH  ft 

• 

O O Pi 

*jH 

o 

> o 

Fh 

o 

Pi 

CO 

CO 

-p 

a 

• Pi 

cO 

-P  O 

Pi 

6D 

Pi 

CO 

CO 

• fc3  -P 

a 

■P  ft  P3 

Pi 

(0 

^ O CO 

o 

Pi 

m 

CiO 

oooipinooooo'^ooo 

tO'^COOiOOOC-cnOWHiooO 
iv.uDLOLOip'^'vi^co-'^oaoaiO 
^^H^^r^HIH^^^^^^^^^^t— JCVl 


OOOlOlOOOOOOLQOOO 

co*=i4<tooioooi>cy>?>cv2i-iLQaD 

j>-OlOLOLP's}<'=c}<tQ*>tt'PGOcr»0 

COfcOtQt^tOtOtOtrttQtOtOtO^ 


mipoooioiOLooLQOoo 

♦ •••••♦•••♦•  • 

mcriLoHcr>c7»«£)toc~H'^H  cr> 
HW^LO'^iptoaoooooi>-£> 

tOt^fcOt^t^tOtOfQtQtQtOtO  to 


lOiPOOOiOlOiOOiOOOO 

LQcr»LOiHcT>o<£itOJ>-'^'*^Hcr> 
HCv3^lO'^lO«PCOaOOOJ>J>''P 
tp  O O ^ to  ^ M3  'P  vO  *'0  to 


OQ 

s 

CO 


^0 


OOOLOOIPLQOOOOOO 

lOtOC^C^OOOOOjHtOtOC^Cyir-! 

H rH  iH  H H C\2 


- o 

o o 


-p 

<D 

B 

Q> 

o • 


CO 

B 

03 

u 


♦ 

- o 

CO  o 


fd 


5:3 

CO 

CO 


CO 

p 

5 

p 

tiO 


IP 


o 

CO 

to 

H 


tp 

• 

IP 

LP 

rH 


o 

CTi 

to 


O 

o 

(XI  t— 3 

II  II 


O H 

P 

+ -H 

U 

- EH 

CO 


• 

pj 

CQ 

■rH 

a 

CO 

Pi 

bD 

O 

(XJ 

O 

CiQ 

rd 

ft 

fd 

O 

ft 

o 

•=r; 

1=^ 

O 

O 

<D 

N 

• 

•H 

P 

CO 

& 

• 

H 

O 

(XI 

o 

1 — ! 

o 

•k 

(X2 

to 

(XI 

fd 

1 — 1 

ft 

o 

o 

Pi 

CO 

fc-i 

f=-\ 

O 

• 

<D 

I 1 

P 

O 

CO 

> 

P 

COlO 


IP 

to 


‘r 

'.■i 


if 


f 


I 


297 


ORIGINAL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOID  TESTS 


E98 


03  <0 
p4  a 
CO  *H 
H EH 


(rti — I'Oi — l{>-rHuO<X)Cv2  lO  CO  i I 
O'-HHCVJCvJC0C0t<5^^^u:> 


OOOOOOOOOOOO 


rH 

(M 

I> 

iTi 

• 

• 

CVJ 

o 

3 

O 

M 

>H 

EH 

EH 

M 

s 

> 

o 

-=0 

CO 

« 

cb 

<0 

o 

EH 

M 

3 

s 

pq 

o 

o 

W 

Ph 

pq 

CO 

Ph 

0 

ra  a 

<r>  -p  p 

•rH  ® tH  rH 

O Pld  o 
t=3> 


OO^CvJI>lOO-HOtOlQo> 

tOLOt<5HC«-OOCX)HC\J'5l<'^a3 


CQ 

• • 

H -rH  O 
O O O O 

>•  t> 


. W) 

H «H  -H  M • 
O O *H  O 
> 0^0 


u 

CO  03 


• -P 
+3  >H 

^ o 


a 

CO 

u 

bO 


o 

o 

o 

O 

7 

0 

CO 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

to 

CO 

lO 

CM 

CO 

CO  00 

H 

00 

CO 

cO 

CO 

lO 

CM 

CM  CM 

cO 

c- 

o> 

iH 

rH 

iH 

iH 

iH 

H H 

rH 

iH 

rH 

rH 

iH 

o 

o 

o 

o 

O O 

CO 

o 

o 

CO 

o 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

cr> 

00 

to 

CO 

0>  rH 

■<t* 

rH 

cO 

o 

cO 

LO 

CM 

CM  CO 

lO 

CO 

c- 

CT> 

to 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO  CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

o 

O 

o 

O 

o 

0 

3 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

Ot00^OOrHc7>O»^H'sl<t0 


fd 

hP  H 

o CO 


CO  03 

-p  a 

fH  CO 
O 

^ GD 


OOOOOIOOOOOOO 

tOO>lO^^I>CO^£>2>-00^ 
vOOO^i—S'^'^LQ'^'^CQtQ  r+ 


(3> 

GO 

H C> 


o 

n 

•=0 

U3 


o 

3 

EH 

S 


ra 

0 a 

• P»  CO 
-P  0 5H 
& ^ GO 


P» 

0 

a 

0 

o 


o 


p 


o 

o 


03 


U 

GO 


- O 
0 O 


03 

a 


0 

fH 

GO 


0|O 


OHOOOOiOOCOO^O 

yDI>00CJ>OHca'^‘g^5$^ 

iHi — 'rHi — !•  IrHi  ICVJ 


vO 

tQ 

I— I 


cot 

CVJ 


o 

C' 

<X) 


LQ 

• 

rH 

00 

rH 


to 

0% 

O 


ra 

a 

• 

0 

a 

fH 

•H 

GD 

O 

• 

CO 

O 

CM 

CO 

o 

• 

II 

U 

CO 

nd 

o 

CM 

H 

rH 

•P 

O 

rH 

u 

II 

m 

O 

o 

O 

<P 

1 — 1 

o 

+ 

0 

0 

•H 

tsj 

• 

m 

u 

•rH 

p 

0 

EH 

CO 

o 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

CM 

• 

o 

rH 

CM 

• 

C- 

II 

rH 

fd 

3 

rH 

o 

O 

fH 

m 

qn 

o 

O 

> 


0 

P 

0 

n 


I 


lailililMliiilii 


300 


jq  0 
O 
S > 
M 

CD  « 
M 

W eh 
O Ph 

o 


iH 

CV2 


<M 

lO 


>H  EH 

> 

EH  Ph 

M ^ 

# 

> o 

. bD  • 

•5JJ  ro 

H «H  -P  M O 

m P 

O O El  -d  O 

cD 

> O S 

O EH 

M 3 

ft  § 

ro  CQ 

O 

• H^  d 

ptp  « 

+3  E^  ro 

Ph  W 

^ O El 

>co  Ph 

, ^ bO 

to 

EH 

<a;  CO 

fH  02 

EH  W 

» rd»d  00  d 

<q  ^ 

p H -p  ro 

P 

O ro  El  El 

OD 

rH 


O 

P 

•aj 

CO 


C3> 

to 

J>- 


O 

EH 

o 

p 


td 

0) 

to  o 
p S 
cd 

p EH 

pq 


0) 

CQ  d 

td  Jh  P 

•rH  <]>  -rH  I I 

o ft  d o 

> P > 


• 02  • 

H «H  td  O 


O 

> 


•rH 

o 


O 


El  02 
<D  S 

• ■pro 
p ro  El 
^ ^ bD 


-p 

E) 

0) 

d 

o 


o 

o 

02 

d 

ro 

El 

C>D 


- o 
ro  o 


td 

e! 

ro 

CO 


02 

d 

ro 

El 

bO 


rolo 


»npC>CV2t>O^CJ>Ht^'^lO 

OHHCV2CV2COtOCO'ti<^'^ 


OOOOOOOOOOO 


£>.  > 0 I — I I — 1 CO  lO  O-  O to  CO 

toCOtOtOCv2tOeOCOtOsJ<d''=4< 

.•••••••••^* 


CV3 


lO 


O 

o 

O 

O 

o 

CO 

CQ 

0 

7 

O 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

U2 

t> 

tft 

to 

lO 

CM 

CQ 

CQ 

0> 

O 

H 

o 

CD 

cr> 

o 

rH 

CM 

CQ  CO 

CO 

1 — 1 

p 

p 

rH 

P 

P P 

1 — 1 

O 

o 

o 

o 

O 

lO 

o 

CQ 

O £> 

o 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• • 

• 

O' 

p 

t- 

o 

to 

iO 

C- 

CQ  OO 

p 

p 

cr> 

cy> 

o 

iH 

CM 

lO 

00 

CO 

CQ 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CQ 

CQ  CQ 

CQ 

OOOOOiOOOOiOlOO 

cnCv}COcOd<'-OCv2C-HOO'^ 

OOOOOIOOOOLOLOO 

■^03'^<XIOCV200WJ>-^^0 

CT>OCXJLQt“COlOLONj<COCOrH 


ooooooomoiooo 

'diOtOC'cr)o>OHfcQ'<dcocD 
P H P P P P 


00 

'O 


H 

ft 

C\2 


cO 

to 


irj 

• 

CD 

to 

CO 


• 

m 

• 

fl 

d 

o 

•H 

ro 

o 

I — 1 

El 

CM 

bD 

o 

C7> 

• 

P 

to 

o 

• 

CM 

CQ 

CM 

CO 

p 

o 

td 

td 

CM 

P 

I — 1 

>d 

p 

o 

P 

o 

o 

II 

II 

o 

§ 

El 

m 

ro 

_ 

<HH 

o 

O 

o 

P 

o 

+ 

ro 

O 

• 

® 

•rH 

N 

• 

1 — 1 

p 

El 

•H 

-p 

o 

ro 

ro 

EH 

CO 

P 

o 

o 

• 

02 


ORIGmL  DATA 
MORTAR  VOID  TESTS 


501 


fd 

<l> 

01  <D 


ph  a 


CO  -H 


H £-i 


•rH 

a 


C\lLOt>rH<X3rH'^GOrHtQ 

OOOrHiHcvlCMCMtOtO 


oooooooooo 


rH 

(M 


(M 

O 


JH 

EH 

n 

> 

•=*; 

C!5 


O 

M 

Ph 


M 

O 


PM 


CO 


O 

M 


EH 

PM 

pc^ 


O 

CO 


pq 

EH 


3 

O 


PM 


00 

C7> 

to 

£> 

H 

• 

O 

• 

O 

3 

3 

EH 

O 

CO 

03 

fd 

•H 

o 

> 


<D 

?H  -P  ^ 
(D  "H  rM 

P > 


CvjD-OODCOOO'^l^HlO 

OiOHHOCMtOOOO^O 

tQtQtOLOtOC^^CQtOtQ'^ 


01 

• 'd  • 

i-M  «H  *H  O 
O O O O 
>•  > 


Ot^C-iO00'=l^OOlOO 

Ht^lOLOOOLOC-OgJ 
(Xjr— lcr>(J>O^OrMC'^I-0^ 
H H H H H H H 


• 

w « 

i-H  «H 

•H 

O O 

U S 

> 

o 

rH 

CO  03 

p a 

• ^ 03 
+3  O P 
^ S CdD 


OtOC-iOOO'^OOtOO 

• ••••••••* 

CVlHCJiOOiOHtOtO'^^ 

tot^oacMcvicototcjtoto 


LQOUIIOIOOIOOOO 

• ••••••••* 

toa>cr>«DOC<ioy3Hcr> 

COG^iCMtClUlsHtQCMtQCM 


!M 

CO  to 
• -d 'd  -p  a 

p H p3  ?H  CO 

^ O CO  o fH 

S S t>0 


lOOLOLQiPOiOO  OO 

• ••••••••* 

CO'^'^HlOCOloH 
CO  O C<5  IP  ^ to  to 
<OC^£>l>-C>C>-£>I>  £>E> 


Jh  CO 

• CD  a 

P P CO 
fet  CO  p 
^ W) 


OOOOOOcOOlQO 
^LQ  COOCO  CTiOCVltOUQ 

I — 1 I — 1 I — I rM 


P 

PJ 

CD 

a 

(D 

O 


^ o 
o o 


01 

a 

• 03 

P u 


- o 

CO  o 


t<3 

lO 

sjc 


to 

o 

I — 1 


o 

CO 

CO 


fd 

d 

CO 

CO  • 

p 


03 

a 

03 

fH 

t»D 


O 

CO 


• 

03 

• 

d 

a 

O 

•H 

CO 

o 

u 

bD 

o 

• 

iH 

X 

to 

CM 

O 

o 

CT» 

o 

CM 

CO 

CM 

1 — 1 

II 

II 

n 

•> 

o 

CO 

CM 

H 

fd 

>d 

1 — 1 

1 — 1 

fd 

1 — 1 

II 

II 

o 

rM 

o 

a 

O 

o 

?H 

» 

'H 

p 

CO 

O 

O 

o 

1 — 1 

O 

+ 

cO 

(D 

• 

(D 

•H 

• 

rH 

P 

•H 

P 

O 

CO 

CO 

EH 

CO 

> 

a 

co|o 


o 

CO 

CO 


i 

i 


! 


I 


i 


f 


I 

i 


H 

f! 

: i‘ 


j 


I 


I 


I, 


I 


1— 


t 

j 

( 


1 


ORIGmL  DATA 
MORTiR  VOID  TESTS 


202 


o a 

CQ  <D 
ft  6 

CJ  *H  • 

H E^  Fh 


KfN  iHiOO>'^a>COC^Cvlu30 


O OOOOOOOOOO 


( — I 
CM 


CM 

lO 

• 

O 


CQ 

ni 

•H 

O 

►> 


0) 

Fh  -P  ^ 
© "H  rH 
ft  O 


rHCMl0rHrHOI>OOO 
^ UD^i^liCQtOW’^^Oa^HCM 
^ C^CQtQtOtOtOtSJW'^'^ 


EH 


> 

a 

CJ3 

O 

M 


ft 

M 

O 

ft 

to 


3 

o 

M 


EH 

ft 

ft 

O 

C/3 


ft 

<q 


EH 

ft 

ft 

O 


ft 

ft 

ft 


CQ 

• • 

HtH  -H  O 
O O O O 
> > 

• bD  • 

H «H  -H  M O 
O O Fh  *<-l  © 


• 

rH 

CM 

iH 


U30CMCDftt>a)ftftft 

• ••••••••• 

C<3->;l<H<7>(3>^ftOOcr>iO 
HOOcy»a>OHCMt<^';j< 
rH  (H  rH  rHi— IrHHH 


OOOOyDCMOrHcMOOO 
, •••••••••• 

CM  lOftCMrHrHCOCOOrHO 
CMHOOOOOHtQ'^'^ 
tOtOfcOCOfcOtOWtOtQC^CO 


•P 
• FH 
+3  O 


Fh 
0}  CQ 


a 

aJ 

5h 

t>D 


lO  OftlOftOOftCMOO 

• •••••••••• 

CM  OOftt-fttOOCMOCM'^ 
C-  CDOHcMl<3C<5CMHrHrH 
tQ  tQ  *Ni< 


Fh 

cd  03 

• nd*cl  -p  a 

P H Fh  CtJ 

O cd  O 

m S M 


lOOlOftlOOOO  CMOO 

• •••••«•  ••• 

OtOOCMrHCOlQt-rHoOj 

C-(T>HCMtOtQtQCMCMrHrH 

0-00 


JH 

© 


p p 
& « 


CQ 

a 

© 

FH 

bD 


OOOOoOoOiQOft 

t0^iO'Ol>GOcr>OHtQ'>;i< 

HHHH 


00 


o 

ft 

ft 

ft 

CO 


CJ4 

MO 

o 


o 


EH 

o 

ft 


« 


p 

o 

501 

o 

© 

lO 

TO 

© 

• 

• 

a 

TO 

© 

© 

03 

•rH 

F^ 

© 

H 

o 

bD 

CM 

• 

a 

• 

o 

at 

p 

© 

lO 

o 

• 

rH 

Fh 

bD 

o 

rH 

• 

M 

• 

lO 

o 

•k 

rH 

CM 

o 

CM 

CO 

O 

CO 

rH 

CM 

H 

f© 

*© 

rH 

f© 

rH 

ft 

II 

II 

O 

rH 

O 

© 

• 

O 

Fh 

"■ 

© 

♦ 

© 

© 

© 

167 

«■ 

P 

P 

*=^ 

f=— ( 

Td 

© 

rH 

O 

P 

o 

O 

50l 

© 

TO 

+ 

© 

•H 

© 

N 

• 

• 

rH 

CO 

FH 

•H 

p 

O 

© 

• 

p 

§ 

© 

EH 

CO 

> 

ft 

FH 

lO 

bO 

©I© 


CO 

cr» 


i 


r 


J 


i 


303 


00 

CV3 

lO 

rH 

• 

• 

CV2 

0 

— ' 
M 

>^ 

EH 

EH 

f4 

M 

« 

> 

0 

<q 

CO 

rc\ 

pq 

ct> 

o 

EH 

M 

p 

w 

M 

0 

to  O 

Cq 

PI 

CO 

M CO 

pH 

EH  eh 

n CO 

n 

t-i  '—1 

<q  O 

3 > 

M 

C!5  PI 

M «=q 

(^1  £h 

O p:^ 

O 

0 

fc-i 

f=H 

(3^ 

0 

r— 1 

10 

• 

o 

• 

0 

(=\ 

EH 

<3; 

0 

CO 

i-q 

• 

P 

nd 

•H 

® 

s 

m 

<D 

PH 

a 

CO 

•H 

• 

r-H 

EH 

p 

pq 

<D 

to 

'd 

p -p 

3 

• rH 

<J)  -H  rH 

0 

Pi  P 

0 

> 

t=)  > 

CO 

• 

■d 

• 

1 — ! 

qn  -H 

0 

0 

0 0 

0 

> 

> 

• 

t!J 

rp 

•H 

• 

0 

P -H 

0 

0 S 

0 

'>J<OlOO'^Cr>LOCDtQo'»toaOHi£3(J>(M 

OHHOJOJCVJt^tQ^^lQi^^OOOH 


O O O OOOOOOOOOHHHH 


tQHtOOO'^COC»CV2CV300CV3-;i<iOOO£>- 

tHWOJ>-COOtOt<5^LOlO£>-OOOtQUD 


tQOCOU3Cv200WCOOCOLOODOOOCO 


toooi>-CT>ioto-=i(t:0'r)OtQOJ>a>o^a> 

•^^LOHcaHOOOHHcUCvJtQLOC- 

r— IrHiHrHiHt— IrHrHrHHrHr— Jf— IrHrHi— I 


tOOOOlOC\2CD(XIOOOCOlQCOOOOOO 


I>Cv^HtO<T>000£>0'^I>'=i<Ht:QCfitO 

';4^lO^(^2(MC^JOOHHH(MtOsi^UDa) 

COC^tOtQtOtOtOt^LQtQCOC^tOtOtOtQ 


Jh 

CO 

+3 

• u 

-P  o 


fe:  S CiO 


OOOOOOLOOOiQOOOOOlO 

OHOOcOWcO^HHOtOcrsC^O^--^ 


• rt:J 
■p  t-i 

Irr  o 


U 

CO  to 
ret  -P  S 
fH  CO 

“’Sfe 


OOOOOOLOOOLOOOOOOio 

rOj>^Cv2CX)CV2(X2C^J>OCr>lOtOrDt<50 

!>£>-Cr><MHtf:UOlOLOLOlOLOLO'^tOG\2 


to 
o s 
• -P  CO 


+3 

p 

OOOOIOOIPOIOUO 

10  to 

10  0 

0 0 

6D 

10  0 

£>•  I>-  CO  00 

0^ 

cr>  0 

1 — 1 cvj 

to  LO 

t>  cr> 

1 — 1 

rH  rH 

rH  rH 

rH  rH 

• 

0 

c\2 

0 

0 

0 

-P 

rH 

P 

CD 

a 

• 

P 

CO 

rH 

<D 

•H 

a 

• 

C\2 

0 

CO 

CO 

0 

<T* 

• 

a 

LQ 

P 

0 

rH 

•p 

CO 

• 

b.O 

P 

M 

d 

WD 

1 — 1 

to 

0 

CJ> 

to 

0 

C\3 

1 — 1 

to 

0 

rH 

d 

d 

HP 

CV2 

rH 

d 

rH 

0 

0 

1 — \ 

0 

P 

• 

II 

II 

fcgS 

0 

f=—i 

p. 

0 

CV2 

cd 

0 

0 

- 

'H 

'HH 

rH 

0 

0 

tp 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

+ 

CO 

® 

• 

® 

c! 

•rH 

N 

• 

1 — 1 

-P 

CJj 

lO 

- 

P 

•rH 

-P 

0 

CO 

CO 

to 

• 

CO 

EH 

CO 

> 

ft 

• 

a 

CO 

■p 

CO 

p 

w 

bO 

eo|o 


iH 


' ■ ’ ^ - o o <“  • ' *rr 


305 


fd 

<D 

CO  0 

S 

CO  'H 
H EM 


•H 

a 


fH 

Xi 


t0OHt>rH-5j400OtQ 

OOHH(MC\3(XJtQCO 


ooooooooo 


GO 

'P 

C\2 


CM 

rH 

• 

O 


3 

o 


w 

fd 

•H 

O 


<D 

Jm  +3  § 
© -H  rH 


tfJiHCJ^rHlOCJi^OtO 

^CMO^OrHCM^C-fH 

tOtOCMtOt<3t^tQtC3-^ 


03 

• <d  • 

H qM  -H  o 

o o o o 
> > 


iO»POCOOOOtQOO 

• •••••••a 

cO^£>r>CQOOOO^;i< 

OO^COOOa>OOCM'^i^ 

I — I I — I rH  rH  iH 


EH  pu 

• 

M (3 

. bD 

> o 

H qn  *H  M • 

*=q  rn 

O O -H  © 

pq 

t=-  o S © 

c5  'h; 

o at 

Jh 

M 3 

© ra 

pH 

-p  a 

M O 

• p © 

O 

P O 

CO  pq  « 

W) 

EH  Ph  pq 

CO  CO  Ph 

Jh 

rq 

© ra 

EH  ^ 

-p  a 

•=<1 

• rd  fd  5h  © 

P P 

p H s3  o p 

M 

^ o © ^ bO 

P O 

m 

LQlOOCOOOOtOOO 


OOrHtH.-^CM^GO 

rHOa^a^a»OrHcM'4< 

tOtOCMCMO-ltOlQCQtO 


lOlOiOOOOiOOtO 


iHfHcMoo<Pi>-iPcr)cr» 

OCM-r^^'^'^'^tOrH 


mioioooocooLO 

• •••••••• 

D~P-CO^CMfcfiHrJ«LQ 

OCM'^miOlOlO^CM 


M « 
Ci3 

M £H 
P1  Ph 


O Q 


fH  03 

• ■SI 


+3  d ^ 
^ ^ tjO 


iOLO>PLQCOOtoOO 
ri<L0<P£>C0OHC0lO 
iH  rH  H |H 


Oi 

o 

lO 

o 

H 

LO 

• 

O 

• 

P 

o 

P 

P 

EH 

o 

CO 

p 

-P 

§ 

a 

© 

o 


© 


p 


o 

o 


CO 

5h 

W) 


- © 
CO  © 


rd 

© 

CO 


p 


ra 

a 

© 

&o 


lO 

03 

• 

a 

• 

lO 

© 

© 

1 — 1 

• 

•H 

Pi 

© 

CM 

o 

bD 

C7> 

o 

1 — 1 

p 

O 

• 

M 

• 

• 

«o 

o 

P 

CM 

o 

CM 

CM 

O 

1^ 

CO 

CM 

1 — 1 

P 

P 

P 

• 

P 

p 

I — 1 

© 

00 

lO 

II 

II 

o 

p 

o 

O 

F-H 

fH 

© 

1 — 1 

qn 

P 

© 

o 

qn 

o 

lO 

P 

o 

• 

+ 

© 

© 

9 

© 

lO 

•H 

N 

• 

r4 

P 

CM 

- 

Pi 

•H 

p 

O 

© 

© 

P 

CO 

& 

P 

©I© 


iQ 

CQ 


. C CK  '■ 


i 


(I 


!■ 

1 


t3h 


L'JUJ'i  ■Sir  rwr  jiB^ia^aSSglyff 


306 


0 

W 0 

ft  e 


H EH 


•H 

s 

u 


%}<OOtOCX)tQI>CVjtOOt<J 


oooooooooo 


eo 

EH 

CO 


•51  Eh 
Eh 

•=i;  CO 


<q  > 


M « 
Cl>  ' T5 
M EH 


« « 

O Q 


CD 

OJ 

CO 

rH 

• 

• 

CV2 

O 

Pi 

o 

!-H 

>H 

EH 

EH 

ft 

M 

PI 

O 

*=n 

CO 

W 

ft 

C5 

o 

EH 

M 

ft 

ft 

ft 

H 

O 

o 

ft 

ft 

pH 

ft 

CO 

ft 

0 


w S 

ococr>^t>LocT>t-coto  1 

■d  Et  -P  3 

lOtOrHrHOftCOCOOO 

•iH  (D  *fH 

to  LO  to  to  to  to  to  to  to  1 

O ft  EJ  o 

> p)  |> 

to 

lOcOtOCDftOOOCDrHO 

• fcJ  • 

• ••••«•••• 

rH  «H  - H 0 

0»(Ml0ftOC-'d<ftCDI>- 

O O O O 

OOCJiO^OiO^OrHrHtO 

rH  rH  rH  rH  rH  rH 

• 

lOcDtOOOCVjCDOCDHO 

. bJO 

• ••••••••• 

H «H  -f  W • 

Cv2lOCDtOtOOI>-tOrHO 

o O El  *H  0 

rHOCT><J>CJiOOrH<M'^ 

> c s o 

tOtOftftfttOtOtOtOtO 

U 

0 ra 

■p  S 

• ?H  0 

! -P  O fH 
M 


O lO  O lO  O o O lo  o o 

• ••••••••• 

t.OrHCDCOCr>LntO'^^ 
COOr-HoabOtOt<^t:QtO  Cv2 


u 

0 ra 

• <d  fd  -P  Q 
P H sii  El  0 

t?;  o 0 o ?H 


OlOOiOOOOiOOO 

• ••••••«•• 

WO'^'^tOrHWOWO 

cy»  O <M  to  ^ sH  LO 


. p> 

<P  0 


Jh  ra 

0 s 


0 

Jh 

bO 


LQLOlO^LOLOOtoOO 

tO^lO^t-ODOrHtOlO 

rH  H t-H  i-H 


o 

to 

<y>  O 

H to 


o 


o 


Pi 

CO 


EH 

o 


• 

O 

o 

• 

o 

0 

CT> 

CM 

P> 

P 

0 

a 

ra 

0 

M 

O 

• 

a 

• 

O 

• 

a 

• 

0 

0 

1 — 1 

-p 

0 

o 

•H 

El 

0 

Cd 

El 

<7> 

bO 

cn 

bO 

o 

rH 

o 

• 

• 

O 

O 

CO 

O 

H 

• 

• 

• 

(XJ 

o 

CV2 

CV2 

.- 

Q 

to 

to 

CO 

Q 

t> 

o 

Tri 

>d 

ft 

rH 

CO 

rH 

rH 

fd 

rH 

0 

O 

rH 

O 

El 

II 

II 

O 

te=H 

*=J 
f — 1 

^d 

f=^ 

p 

O 

»• 

ft 

ft 

0 

to 

♦ 

0 

O 

ft 

o 

CO 

• 

a 

CO 

1 — 1 

o 

■p 

0 

CO 

+ 

0 

0 

• 

0 

El 

'ci< 

•rH 

N 

• 

1 — 1 

HH 

bO 

El 

•rH 

-p 

o 

0 

0 

EH 

CO 

> 

ft 

0|0 


o 

o 


307 


CQ  0 


S 


05  -H 


EH 


•rH 

& 


LQLncMi>LOHcr4U3Hi>-Ht-(,\3a> 

OHCv2<MLOvJ<'^lOOOHHCV2(M 


OOOOOOOOrHH 


rH  i—t  rH  I— ) 


to 

(M 

to 

CO 

p 

• 

M 

o 

m 

•H 

O 


^ -p 
0 -H 

P^  P 


0 


ra 

O 

• 

fc5 

• 

(H 

rH  «H 

•H 

0 

EH 

0 

0 

0 

0 

EH 

PH 

> 

> 

M 

P4 

> 

O 

• 

<q 

CO 

• 

t>D 

PI 

PO 

H tH 

•H 

« 

• 

cis 

0 0 

Jh 

•H 

0 

0 

fe-H 

F=H 

0 

o 

EH 

M 

Th 

M 

b 

?H 

o 

0 

53 

PI 

P:^ 

-P 

S 

PH 

• 

?H 

aJ 

CO 

PH 

-P 

0 

5h 

hf) 

cOHCDOOrHrHrHrHtQ(X)sl<cr»(M 


Ol>-OLQLOOU3COrHO<£)OlOtQ 

• ••••••••••••« 

«;j<l>-C\2£>-CVJo»tOtOCO^OOOOcO 

J>lOtOrHHa^OOOrHcv2tOt<2LO 
pHrHrHrHiH  rHrHrHi — IrHrHrHrH 


OI>-OLOLOOO(MrHOy30LQt<3 


>^J>'(M£>‘Wa^tQt.ocD'^OocO:n 

J>-lOC^rHrHa^OOOrH  CMLQtOlO 
tQtOCQtOCQOJLOtQtQtOCOtQtOtO 


<X2-^J>lOlQ';i<£Ha^OOOO(XILO 


'^lOOirH'-H^O^'s}<CV2a>«3C^O 


CO 

EH 

«=q  CO 

eh  pq 

-=«5  EH 

n 

CO 

t— 1 Pi 

«aj  M 

p;  0 

M > 

ci> 

M Pi 

Pi  <n 

0 ^ 

0 

10 

S 

CO 

rH 

H 

10 

• 

0 

• 

Ph 

0 

P 

P 

P 

EH 

CO 

S 

P 

0 m 

2 

4 
7 

5 
5 
4 
7 
9 
0 
0 

0 

0 

CV3  CO 

re)  -P  Ei 

• ••••••• 

• • 

• • 

• • 

rH 

P P 0 

£>OOC\3^'=d^£>-COC>'^>CO 

CXI  cn 

to  CO 

0 

0 0 P 

CU  CO  0 rH  LO  CO  CO  CO 

LO  CM 

CO  H 

S tio 

tOtOtOJ>-I>-C>-OJ>0-0 

l>-  £> 

?>-  £>- 

P ra 

0 S 

• 

-p  0 

■p 

0 P 

lOLOLOOtOOiOOOO 

0 10 

0 0 

& to 

CQtOOCOCOCiCJ^OrHCU 

CO 

to  CO 

rH  rH  rH 

H H 

iH  P 

• 

- 0 

0 

0 0 

0 

+3 

rH 

p 

0 

s 

ra 

m 

0 

S 

•1 

a 

0 

• 0 

0 ri 

0 

p P 

rH  ’H 

p 

• 

1 — 1 

& CtD 

CO 

to 

0 

(X2 

0 

cr» 

0 

1 — 1 

W 

• 

CO 

0 

0s 

CQ 

CO 

ext 

1 — \ 

• 

0 0 

C\3 

CQ 

>-  0 

0 0 ^ 

0 0 

rH  CO  rH  rH 

1 — 1 

p! 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

0 

II  II  s 

0 

P 

fc:5 

P 

- «H 

p 

0 

0 

ra 

0 0 

P 

0 

CO 

• a 

1 1 

0 

p 0 

0 +00 

• 

0 

p 

«0  -H  N 

• 

1 — i 

P 

W) 

oa  - p -H 

P 

0 

0 

0 £H  CO 

> 

n 

O 


wlo 


308 


'i 


I 


I 

1 » . 


I 

i k 
, •> 

:■ 

• 


■ 


. > 


— --1“ 


■^v 


310 


<1? 

EH 

p 


CO 
EH 
CO 

m 

EH 

CO 

0 
P o 
> 

M ft; 

ch  *=n 

w EH 
« (t; 

o o 


cu 


o 

p 

p 

p 

<q 

CO 


CM 

LO 

to 

<o 

• 

• 

o 

CM 

p 

o 

M 

>H 

EH 

P 

P 

> 

O 

CO 

PQ 

C!5 

'Ll 

O 

P 

M 

& 

pLq 

o 

O 

&q 

« 

P4 

CO 

p 

lO 

CQ 

p 

LO 


o 

p 

EH 

O 

P 


® 

TO 
P( 

CO 
P EH 

p^l 


0 

S 

•rH 


0 

ra  fi 
p Jh  p 3 
0 p P 
P o 
P > 


p 

o 

> 


n 

• P • 

P «H  P O 
<3  O CX  O 
^ > 


• tlO 

-1  P -H  M • 

o O 5h  H 0 

> O S O 


P 

C3  W 
• P S 
P P 05 

^ O 

S ciJ 

u 

0 TO 

P PS 
• P p 3 

p o s:j  o P 

?5:  g 0 g no 


U TO 

0 a 

• P 0 
P 0 P 

& & fcO 


p 

P 

0 

S 

0 

o 


p 

0 

CO 


*-  o 
o o 


TO 

S 

P 0 
& ?H 
&0 


- 0 
0 0 


TO 

a 
0 
P P 
!§:  C>i) 


0 0 


Piocv3r>LOLopsi<P’c}< 

PPCV2(MtQ'«^LOloOO 


OOOOOOOOPP 


(T)'^st<'^OC5^0CnOPLO 

lOtOPpCVJOWtOlOLDGO 

COtOtOCOCOCOtOtQtQCOfcO 


tOWtDO^OOCvjLOODOCO 

• •••••••••• 

cy>OOcnOCL2t-c\30LOPtO 
OO^COO^<7»OOO^OOPCV2 
I — I P P I — IP 

l0l0a^(^3t£)O';^^aDO(^2L0 

• •*•••••••• 

l0^lOLO(X>T;JL(r>LO(M£>CJ» 

oo>oococoooaDcr>ooP 

fcQ(MCV2C\2CL2(Xl(MCLJtOtQCO 


OlOOlOlOOOOOOOtQ 

• •••••••••* 

CDO>0>PPLOlOOOCMLO 

I>-O^PCV2(XltOtOtOLOtQCVl 


OlOOiOLOLOOOOOOtO 

• •••••••••* 

PCV2C\JP'=^^®Cr>tOtQLOCO 
toPOOCDPi — IPPPO 


O O O LO  OO  O O O LO  o 
tO%;i4LOLOLOJ>-  oocr>opto 
p p p 


CO 

to 


LO 

• 

to 

o 

p 


OD 

w 

LO 

p 


o 

to 

to 


o 

€0 


cvj 

i 

p 


0 

+ 

0 


p 

II 


p 

0 

p 

5-1 

P 


.g 

X 

03 

P 

P 

o 


'H 

O 

© 

CS3 

•H 

CO 


TO 

a 

0 

601 


to 

00 

CQ 

P 

P 

O 


P 

o 


0 

0 


o 

CM 


O 

t=rH 

P 

o 


I — I 

o 


\ — I 
CM 


CM 

CM 

xi 

0 

;L^ 

0 

p 


0 

p 

0 

P 


311 


CO 

E^ 

CO 

*1?  EH 
EH 

<15  CO 

n Pi 
>— 1 

«5  >. 

M W 

O <q 

M EH 
« « 
O O 

k— I 

»=H 


H 

(M 


C\J 

«o 

CO 

• 

• 

o 

p; 

o 

IH 

>H 

EH 

EH 

j 

M 

K 

O 

«aj 

CO 

PI 

PQ 

C!j 

<p 

O 

EH 

M 

a 

pq 

o 

O 

P>^ 

PI 

Ph 

CO 

Ph 

lO 
to 
I — I 
lO 


Q> 

M <I) 

P^  S 

CO  •H 
H EH 

W 


CO 

•rH 

o 

!> 


^H 


0) 


?H  -P  3 
<D  "H  rH 
ft  d O 
pi  > 


CO 

• fcJ  • 
r-l  'H  -H  O 
O O O O 
> > 


• w 

H «H  -H  M 

O O -H  O 
> O - 


o 


u 

CO 

-p 

• u 

-P  o 


aj 

u 

w 


?H 

05 

• fCj  rH  +3 
-P  rH  S }h  05 
- o 05  o ft 
s m f4 

?H  CO 

• ® s 

CO 

& 05  Jh 

gr  1>D 


-p 

<D 


- o 

o o 


co|o 


tO^OCOOLQcj>tO«0 

OOHHCVJCVjCVJtOtQ 


ooooooooo 


^ooLootoaDLOooo 

lOtOlOLOOOOOOCvj 

tOt^tOCOCOtOCOsH^ 


r>tOOC»C\jmrHH<j< 
• •••••••• 

CJlHOOLOrHLOOO^ 
OftrHr— )r—i(MC\2tO<i< 
I — li — li — IftrHtHrHrHrH 


OtQOOCJiftHHsiH 

CJlrPOOLQfPl^OO'^ 

OrHHHHOJCMtO-^ 

tototototococototo 


lOlOLOOO'^iPCVjO 

• •••••••a 

OrHO^lOtO'^'^tOOO 

ooocDCDcTicncjiaio 

tOtOCOCOtOtQCOCOtO 


LOLQIOOOIOIOCVJO 

• •••••••• 

(MCOOiOOitOf^ 

L00l>-l>-0-£>l>o00 


o oooooooo 

lOOJNGOCS^OCVj^tf 
rH  i-H  t— 1 


o 

• 

<5 

• 

o 

o 

05 

© 

f=-t 

Pi 

'•  - 

P 

W 

• 

Pi 

CO 

1 — 1 

EH 

'H 

6 

• 

CM 

•=5 

o 

CO 

o 

o> 

m 

5h 

o 

rH 

• 

cio 

o 

o 

a 

' 

05 

o 

o 

to 

o 

CM 

(M 

o 

C\2 

CD 

CM 

CM 

o . 

© 

(M 

(M 

TZJ 

»d 

'C5 

rH 

* 'd 

H 

O 

Pi 

05 

CO 

S 

O 

• 

II 

II 

O 

F-ft 

rH 

O 

k=-H 

o 

u 

a 

CO 

• 

05 

C\2 

»=H 

■P 

CO 

tp 

&0 

lO 

o 

O 

■HH 

o 

■ r— 1 

O 

+ 

CO 

O 

• 

•rH 

N 

• 

r-l 

-P 

— 

u 

•P 

-P 

O 

05 

CO 

EH 

CO 

>S 

> 

PI 

512 


•Td 

Q) 

m <D 

P4  S 

CO  'H 

H EH 


u 


tO(7>tOcr»'^H»OtOaO'=^'^OOHtOU3CD 

OOHHCvltQt«'«J<>;l<iOioiOOOOO 


OOOOOOOOOOOOHHHrH 


ra 

fd 

•H 

O 


<D 

-P  ^ 
<D  *H  tH 
O 

t=>  > 


iQ  O CO  rH 
tQ  tQ  C\3  H O 


C^iOt~t>oOHcvj'^cOOO 


to 

to 

CO 

CO 

• 

• 

(M 

0 

S 

0 

M 

>H 

EH 

EH 

t-H 

a 

> 

0 

CO 

FQ 

cb 

<J 

0 

EH 

M 

lA 

El 

&q 

0 

0 

p>q 

« 

Ph 

CO 

Ph 

<q  EH 
&H  CO 

Si 


m 

• • 

iH  cf_)  .pH  O 
O O O O 
> > 


tOOOO't^'^OLOiOO<^'^lOlOO£>0 

o'^LOtO'^cvjcvja^ojco^cvi^oocvj’^ 

HHHr-HHHt-JHHrHr-IHHHHrd 


• W)  • 

H CH  -H  M O 
O O fn  -H  O 
> OS 


OOtO'd'OJOiOOO 
• ••••••• 

00CO£>iOcDt0'>t<H 

lQl-0'^^t<3C\2rdCv3 

fcQCQCOtOtQtOCOCO 


lO'^OOOLOCMiO 

• •••«••• 

tCjOCO^OiO^'^t' 

tOCOtOtOCOtQtQtO 


• P 

P U 

O 


CO  00 


a 

CO 

5H 


S M 


OOlOiOOlOOOiOtJOOOOOOlO 


Hcr»'^<Mo^OOc«- 

IQCOOOOCJ^CM'^CO 

C<5t0COC0t:O'^}^'cl^'>i^ 


O^cOtQidrHOOOrH 

COtC3tOtQC<3GVJf^'~' 


U 


0 

0 

• 

fd 

<d 

p 

a 

-P 

iH 

U 

0 

& 

0 

0 

0 

?H 

s 

S 

M 

OOlOlOOlQOOUO^^OOO 

• ••••••••**•* 

LO>0£>OOCJ»C\2^fcOI«tOtQtQC<5 

tOcOcOcOcOO-£>J>-£>^^£>^ 


O O UO 

• • • 

O 0>  H 

Cvj  rH  rH 

J>  C-  t- 


SA 


O 

M 

« 

o 


(A 


o 

> 


« 

<55 

EH 


to 

CV3 


gJ 

d 

0 

0 

U 

C*J 


o • 

s o 

o 


Jh  To 
• 0 S 
P ® 
& 0 
^ C!> 


0000000  OOOOCDO 
IQ  cO  r>  CO  CrtO  H C\2  to  10  CO 
i-H  H r-H  H H H H 


10  O to 

i>-  cj>  o 

r— I iH  (M 


o 


o 

O 


00 

a 


0 

?H 

W) 


o 

o 


o 
! — 1 

to 


to 

• • 

- O H 

00  o 

H 


•d 

0 

CO 


p 

t§; 


0 

a 

0 

u 

to 


o 

£> 

CO 

CO 


fj 


•iH 

0 

a 

• 

0 

0 

pH 

M 

u 

0 

CO 

ta 

CTi 

1 — 1 

CvJ 

0 

0 

0 

CV2 

•« 

to 

to 

CO 

• 

It 

II 

CO 

i~H 

II 

0 

«d 

fd 

rC! 

CO 

pH 

pH 

»d 

pH 

0 

0 

H 

0 

Jh 

(I 

(1 

s 

0 

s 

0 

fcr^ 

s 

*■ 

tH 

p 

0 

0 

0 

1 — 1 

0 

+ 

0 

0 

• 

© 

•rH 

tq 

• 

1 — 1 

p 

fH 

•H 

P 

0 

0 

0 

EH 

CO 

& 

(A 

0I0 


j — ! 


mJS. 


’Afjamn 


315 


•r-| 

'd  a 

O (D 

to  a 

p^’H 
05  EH  • 
iH  Jh 

W rd 


CVJ  lO  00  CM  LO  t>  H 
O O O H H H CM 


O O O O O O O 


CO 

lO 

cO 

CO 

• 

♦ 

CM 

o 

>H 

o 

M 

EH 

EH 

M 

> 

a 

o 

CO 

PQ 

CiJ 

<1? 

0) 

CO  a 

•H  P *H  f— I 

o p^  d o 


H t-  O lO  CO 
CD  CQ  vji  'D  o»C0 
« to  to  CQ  lO-M^ 


H CH 
O O 
> 


to 

■d 

•H 

O 


. t>o 
H «H  -H  M O 
O O fn  -H  o 
> OS 


O -sj<  O IQ  lO  CM  O 

• •••••• 

to  H to  LO  lO  OtO 

rH  O O O H tOLQ 
I — i rH  ( — I I — I I — I rH  rH 

O OtO  lO  CM  O 

• •••••• 

to  H tOtO  lO  O to 

H O OO  rH  to  LO 

to  to  to  to  to  to  to 


O 


CO 
EH 
«a;  CO 

EH  m 

<3J  S 


•=q  O 
3 > 


M 

CJ3  (d 
M *q 

&! 

o Ph 
o 
s 


Pq 


o 

PM 

CO 


r-^ 

o 

« 

Ph 


CO 

CM 


ft 

§ 


o 

(D 

Jh 

O 


o o 

3 ^ 


CO 


u ra 

lO  O O O O O LO 

CO  a 

• ••••• 

• 

• 

-P  CO 

GO  iH  CM  CM  rH  t>- 

-P 

?H  U 

O CO  CO  to  CO  CM  H 

o W 

Irrzj 

^ n}<  ^ rit 

F^i 

u 

LO  O O O O O lO 

CO  ra 

• ••••• 

• 

• d d -P 

CO  rH  CM  CM  iH  O ^ 

-P  H 

d Sh  TO 

O CO  CO  LO  CO  CM  rH 

^ O 

S O ?H 

E>  I>-  t-  t>-  C"  £> 

m 

S w) 

5M  m 

o a 

• 

-P  CS5 

O O LO  O O lO  H 

-p 

CO  U 

D-  GO  00  C3>  H CO 

CO 

^ tiO 

rH  rH 

1 — 1 

C- 

- o 

• 

o o 

CO 

cO 

■p 

d 

o 

• 

a 

to 

lO  d 

ra 

<D 

• a 

• *H 

a 

• 

iH 

o 

■P  CO 

CO 

CO 

O 

CM 

^ u 

o 

u 

o 

<J* 

w 

CM 

w 

1 — 1 

o 

o 

o 

* 

O CM 

o 

CM 

CM 

• 

to  CM 

CO 

CM 

- O 

; d 

d 

CO  O 

CO  M 

d 

rH 

CO  o 

1 — 1 

O 

<0 

H H m 

o 

s 

II  - 'H 

CH 

s 

rd 

o o 

O 

d 

rH 

O 

05 

CO  + <D 

• 

<D 

CO 

m 

O 'H  N 

• 

iH 

P> 

• a 

. P)  - -H 

■P 

O 

cd 

■R  d 

H EH  00  to 

> 

^ JM 

LO 

cb 

CO 

oa|o 


CM 


314 


m 

EH 

KD 

eh  cq 

*=q  EH 

P 

P M 
<1;  o 
3 > 
M 

C!>  pH 

t-H  *35 

^ fe! 

O PI 

Q 


to 

02 


>H 

EH 

M 

O 

o 

M 

a 

o 

W 

P 

CO 


to 

02 


O 


<5 

CO 


10 

to 

• 

O 

P 

o 

u- 1 
EH 

Pi 

o 

CO 

P 

EH 

P-1 

O 

PI 

W 

P 


& 

d 

0 

0 

Jh 

CJ3 


o 

p 

EH 

o 

p 


0 

ra  0 

p a 

0 -H 
P EH 


0 

ra  a 

rc5  +*  fj 

,r1  ?H  •H  rH 

O © d O 

> P^P  t> 


ra 

• 

^d 

• 

1 — 1 

•fH 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

> 

• 

> 

• 

W 

• 

• 

P 'H 

•H 

M 

0 

0 0 

?H 

•H 

0 

> 

0 S 

u 

0 

ra 

• 

p 

a 

+3 

u 

0 

0 

fH 

CjO 

0 

ra 

• fd 

td  P 

a 

P 

d 

Jh 

0 

^ 0 

0 

0 

w 

Jh 

ra 

• 

a 

0 

0 

f-i 

00 

• 

•- 

0 

-P 

0 

0 

d 

0 

S 

© 

0 

ra 

• 

a 

-P 

0 

CjD 

>d 

d 

0 

CO 


0 o 
o 


ra 

B 

0 

Jh 


0|O 


<^O>t0G0t000O2tOJ>-O2 

OOrHHo202COtOtO'^ 


oooooooooo 


H'tl<'Nl<t>lOr>-iOCD020 

C^lOlOLOiOtOGOO^PCO 

fcOtOlOtOtOCOtOtO'ti^'^ 


O'^iOPHOOOOO 

OOO^O'HO  tOi0020P 
rHOOHHHo2CO'^HLO 
I — |i — li — li — li — li — It — li — IP  I — I 


OtOiOHHOOOOO 

COa>OrHOtOl0020H 

POOHHrHcVlCO'=i<lO 

tototocototototototo 


lOiQOOiOiOOOOO 

• ••••••••* 

CT»toOHiOHcf>00-»iO 
GqOi — li — li — li — lOi — 100 

to  ^ 


lOiOOOiOiOOOOO 

• •••••••*■ 

0»'OOHlOrHO^OCDlO 
COO' — li — If— IPO' — icJP 


OOLQOLQOlOOiOO 

tOOt>COaO(3>002tOlO 

I — I rH  I I I — I 


10 


O 

00 

to 

iH 


LO 

• 

10 

10 

rH 


<y* 

o 


to 

CO 


d 

M 

O 02 

O 

02  P 'd 
p 

fl  II  o 


o 

+ 


'H 

O 


0 0 
•H  N 
- fH  -rH 
0 EH  CO 


ra 

rH 

a 

• 

02 

0 

0 

Oi 

Jh 

0 

P 

M 

sH 

0 

0 

CO 

0 

CO 

02 

02 

«d 

P 

fd 

I — 1 

0 

P 

0 

!h 

0 

0 

qn 

0 

0 

• 

• 

1 — 1 

0 

P 

0 

P 

> 

316 


cr> 

to  J>- 

• • 


CVI 


o 


•p 

p 

© 

•H 

w © 

a 

Pt  a 

© -p 

• 

EH 

Jh 

w 

© 

CQ  S 

rd  h -P  P 

•H  (1)  >H  r~l 
O Ph  p O 

> ^ t> 


to 

LO 


o 


UD  O to  LO  H 

CO  tO  CO  iH 

to  to  to  CO 


• tp  • 

H «H  -H  O 

o 

O O O O 

M 

>*  > 

>H  EH 

EH  P4 

M Pi 

> O 

• 

<q  CO 

♦ 6d  • 

PA  PQ 

H tp  -H  ><}  O 

cb 

O O JH  tH  © 

> o ^ 

O EH 

1— 1 3 

Ph 

M o 

P 

o 

© ra 

Ph 

H-’  a 

Ph  pq 

» p © 

CO  p^ 

-POP 

CO 

rS  S W) 

EH 

CO 

•=11 M 

EH  EH 

P 

tIJ  

© CQ 

CO  ^ 

• tp  fp  -P  3 

■P  H p P © 

HP  M CO 

^ O © O fH 

S S bn 

M 

cb  Ph 
M <q 
« EH 
O PA 
O 


05 

o 

•H 

•P 

-P 

<13 


05 

JLi 

P 

+» 

05 

3 


O 

•=< 

CO 


05 

O 

•rH 

-p 

-p 


05 

Jh 

P 

-P 

05 


EH 

O 

t-q 


CQ 


fH  CQ 

0 s 

• -P  05 
P>  CO 
& fe:  W 


+3 

P 

0 

a 

© 

o 


o 

o 


p 

© 

CO 


o 


TO 

a 

CO 

|p  u 

&D 


- O 

05  O 


© 

U 

w 


OO  o o o o o 
o £>  to  i>  cr»  to  w 

rH  CO  CO  'vl<  to  CO 
Ct2  rH  I — I rH  rP  I — I rH 


o o o o o o o 

H 00  C-  00  O CO 
I>-  LO  CJi  CT>  i~5  CV2 
^ CO  CO  'tlH 


O O O O O O O 
CO  r-H  O cy>  tp  o o 

to  00  lO  LO  LQ  to 
to  CO  s}L  'tit 


o o o o o o o 

CO  C"  to  lO  cv3  to  to 
o 00  LO  to  to  lO  'tit 
to  to  t>-  £>-  D-  I>-  t> 


o o o o o o o 

00  O CV2  '=iL  to  CO  O 
rH  rH"  r-H  rH  rH  C\J 


CO 

I — 1 


to 

o 


o 

CO 

rH 


O 

lO 

CO 


1 — 1 

CO 

• 

(J» 

P 

ra 

rH 

•H 

a 

© 

o 

•• 

'ti< 

p 

o 

00 

bD 

• 

CO 

to 

o 

1^ 

CO 

o 

CO 

p 

rH 

CO 

© 

to  rp 

tp 

p 

CO  rH  rH 

tp 

rH 

p 

O 

H 

O 

rQ 

II  II  § 

© 

fit 

tp 

P 

o o 

tp 

O 

rH 

O 

+ © © 

• 

© 

•H  tSJ 

• 

fH 

P 

- fn  -H 

P 

o 

© 

© EH  CO 

> 

co|o 


o> 

o 


517 


I 


cr> 


•H 

0 

a 

CO  0 

p<  a 

03  -rH 

• 

pH  Eh 

!h 

p:i 

xi 

0 

to  a 

rd  -P  3 

•H  <D  ‘H  rH 

O o 

> t=>  > 


o 

o 


iH 


LO  to  O C»  CO  LO 

cr>  LO  cr»  O to  lO 
to  CO  c\2  CO  CQ  CO 


CO 

EH 

CO 


P£1 
<1  EH 
Eh 


CO 

n n 


PI  o 

<q  > 

3 


M « 
C5  <q 
M EH 


« PI 


o o 


o 

03 

M 

• 

td 

• 

pH 

EH 

H tH  -H 

0 

EH 

Ph 

O 

O O 

o 

M 

S 

> 

> 

o 

CO 

• 

p1 

pp 

• 

bD 

• 

CO 

H P 

•H 

o 

o o 

-H 

o 

o 

EH 

!> 

O T% 

M 

Pm 

pH 

pq 

M 

o 

U 

O 

0 CQ 

r^q 

PI 

-p  a 

Pt 

pq 

• 

5H  0 

CO 

Pi 

2.  ^ 

S &D 

maDHLQLQi> 

• ••••• 

(M  O GO  CO  0>  O 
iH  >d  H 


O CO  O O O W 
• ••••• 

CO  cvj  lO  CO  CO  CO 
(XI  o t>  CO  cr>  o 
CO  CO  CVJ  (XI  (X2  to 


lO  lO  O CO  o o 
• ••••• 

I>  to  CO  CO  CO  CO 
H to  CO  cn  CO 
to 


(XI 

' — 

0 

0 

o 

0 

•H 

•H 

P 

P 

P 

P 

rH 

P 

0 

0 

?H 

?H 

0 

0 

P 

P 

0 

0 

3 

P 

• 

o 

* 

o 

f=-H 

p 

p 

EH 

<U 

O 

CO 

P 

?H 

CCJ 

• rd  >d 
hP  H d fH 
O CO  o 


CO  CO  O LQ  O O 
• ••••• 

CO  o H (j>  ^ cr» 
CO  pH  to  CO  CO 
to  t>  O O £> 


?H  CQ 
• <i)  a 
p -p  cd 
Is  (S  ?H 
^ bO 


CO  O CO  O CO  O 
lO  O 0>  O (XI 
H H 


p 

o 

s 

(1) 

o 


0 

0 

ra 

a 

• 

0 

-4^ 

u 

^ bD 


- o 
(U  o 


CO  • <a 


P u 
^ bD 


CO 

• 

LQ 

1 — 1 

(XI 

cr» 

• 

• 

1 — 1 

s:! 

CQ 

0 

•H 

a 

0 

#« 

to 

0 

CO 

o - ^ 

o 

(XI 

(XI 

t) 

• 

• 

VO 

O 

u 

CO  (XI 

O 

(XI 

0 

o cr> 

CO 

CO  P P 

fd 

U 

rH  rH 

P 

P 

II  O 

P 

o 

0 

fc-i 

■ ' l=M 

o 

f=H 

Ph 

- II  «H 

P 

o o 

PI 

O 

P 

o 

o + 0 <p 

• 

0 

CO  --H  tSJ 

• 

1 — 1 

P 

to  - ?H  -H 

p 

O 

0 

0 EH  CO 

> 

P 

C0|O 


Cv] 


318 


<£) 

CM 


UD 

O 


CO 

EH 

CO 

<q  EH 
EH 

<q  CO 

P P 

' — I 

P o 

^ « 

ci5  <q 

M EH 

M « 
O O 


>H 

EH 

M 

> 

•=q 

M 

cb 

o 

M 

El 

o 

ptq 

P 

CO 


CM 


od 

CJ 

•H 

•P 

P 

I — I 
cd 
u 

p 

cd 

P 


o 

3 


CO 


3 

o 

M 

EH 


O 

CO 

P 

<q 


pq 

o 

« 

cq 

P 


Cd 

o 

•H 

P 

P 

p 

Cd 

p 

Cd 

3 


E-i 

O 

i-T 


p -H 

<U  S 

CO  (D 

p a 

03  tH  • 

P P ?H 

m ^ 


o 

K a 

p 5h  P >8 

•H  0 p I — I 

o p o 

> P > 


cr>  00  lo  P O cr> 

O P P CQ  ^ 


o o o o o o 


GO  C7»  yo  o CT>  O 
lO  CO  CT>  p 
P P P P P to 


01 

• P • 

P P P o 
o o o o 
>•  >• 


GO  P 00  GO  ^ O 

• ••••• 

IQMDOOOCOC- 
p to  P C~  CO  O 


• 

. CiJJ  • 

P P P M o 

O O fH  p o 

}>  OS 


00  p 00  00  p o 

• ••••• 

IQPOOC^IOC- 

tO  to  to  J>-  00  CJ^ 

p p p p p p 


fH 


cd  CQ 

-p  s 


• ^ Cd 

if  S ^ 
^ S 60 


lO  P O O lO  p 
• ••••• 

lO  00  00  O CO  P 
to  p MD  CO  LQ  LO 
p p P P P 


Jh 

Cd  01 
P p S 
P P 5h  Cd 
[p  o jz!  o 5h 
S Cd  S 60 


LQ  p o O iQ  P 

• ••••• 

lO  00  00  O 00 

to  »0  P P lO  lO 

J>-  C-  D-  O- 


JC)  01 

<D  a 

• 

p Cd 

O UO  O o lO  LQ 

p 

Cd  Jh 

lO  lO  P £>  GO  O 

^ fco 

P 

• 

P 

o 

• 

►-  o 

P 

o 

P 

P 

o 

02 

a 

a 

o 

OQ 

p 

® 

• Od 

• • 

a 

• 

p 

o 

P U 

Cd 

o 

cr> 

60 

tQ  tH 

fH 

o 

1 — 1 

1 \ 

w 

P 

o 

m 

o 

• 

P 

X 

• 

p 

I — 1 

P 

o 

o 

• 

. P 

o 

p 

P 

- O 

P o 

p 

•H 

Cd  o 

p O P 

p 

f4 

p p p p 

p 

1 — 1 

Ph 

o 

p 

o 

<1? 

p 

II  (I  S 

o 

« 

S 

p 

cd 

• >-  p 

p 

CO 

p o o 

P 

o 

p ^ 

P P 

o 

& Od 

^ + cd  (D 

• 

<D 

•iH  N 

• 

I — 1 

P 

C>0 

- ^H  P 

-p 

o 

cd 

Cd  P P 

> 

P\ 

P 

as 

o 

c 


i ' 

0 4 


f 


f 


I 


1 


c 


319 


CO 

EH 

CO 

pq 

EH  EH 

• q 

P r/J 
P 
p M 
<ri  O 

M 

CJ>  « 

M <q 
K P 
O W 

o 


cr» 

C\J 


>H 

E-l 

M 

> 

--t; 

ni 

C!> 

O 

M 

a 

O 

P 

P 

CO 


C\2 


CO 

o 

♦rH 

-p 

-p 


CO 

fH 

■P 

CO 


o 

p 

p 

p 

<q 

CO 


to 

o 


o 

■ H 
P 

o 

CO 

p 

<; 

p 

P 

P 

o 

« 

P 

P 


cd 

o 

•H 

-P 

■P 


CO 

?H 

-P 

cO 

P 


P 

O 

P 


54 

CO 

CO 

o 

CM 

CO 

•H 

cvl 

CO 

'd 

a 

0 

CO 

0 

a 

P 

CO 

•H 

• 

1 — 1 

EH 

?H 

W 

rd 

o 

o 

o 

O 

O 

0 

CT> 

to 

o> 

CT4 

CO 

00 

rH 

CO 

CO 

00 

to 

LO 

Ctl 

00 

o> 

o 

CM 

'tit 

fd 

^ P 

CO 

to 

CO 

to 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

•H 

o 

> 


<D  'H  P 

P 5:5  o 
P > 


m 


1 — 1 

P -H 

o 

o 

O O 

o 

> 

> 

• 

• 

w 

H P 

•H  M 

• 

O O 

U P 

o 

> 

o S 

o 

u 

CO  CO 

• 

p a 

P 

O ?H 

m M 

fH 

CO 

02 

• oO 

nrf  P 

a 

P H 

fH 

0 

^ o 

0 O 

fH 

60 

fH  CO 

• 

s § 

H-*  0 

P 

0 rH 

^ w 

-p 

o 

a 

<D 

O 


O 


P 


fCJ 

5:5 

CO 

CO 


o 

o 


CQ 

P 

5 

5h 

t>D 


- O 

CO  o 


CO 

B 

CO 

(P  ^H 

CkO 


co|o 


Cvjsi<tOtOI>C\2'Ocr>'^ 

• •••••••• 

0*=:l^aOOW'^I^Cn'^}^CO 
HOCTiCOC^C^C-OOCTi 
H H 


COOC\JCV2(MCOC\JLOO 

• •••••••• 

OOtQC-OHCVjOOtOCU 

aDaoc-OLOLQptoc~ 

CMCVJ(MCV20JCV2(X2W(M 


OOOOOLOOlOlO 

• •••••••• 

toPcOOC<5GOJ>-ir5CO 

tOCOC^(MLOlOlOCO>^ 


OOOOOIOOLQIO 

• •••  ••••• 

c\3  l>  WtO  t<5  H 
OGOOCVJ  LOtOtOOLO 
to  »0  C>C^  l>-  £>•  !>-?>• 


lOCOlOlOLOlOlOlOLQ 

(MtO'^COtOC'CDa^O 

H 


o 

to 


CO 


to 

00 

H 


o 

o 


o 

CO 


CO 

p 

• 

a 

• 

CM 

54 

0 

o 

cy> 

•H 

fH 

o 

1 — 1 

60 

•sit 

o 

• 

O 

• 

00 

to 

M 

• 

sft 

CM 

• 

to 

o 

>s 

00 

CM 

o 

CM 

CP 

CO 

P 

fH 

p 

p 

p 

0 

p 

p 

P 

d 

II 

II 

o 

p 

O 

fH 

t-p 

o 
*1— » 
F=H 

fc-rH 

F*'p 

P 

0 

•- 

p 

P 

P 

o 

o 

P 

o 

1 — 1 

o 

«r 

0 

0 

• 

0 

•H 

N 

p 

P 

— 

fH 

•H 

p 

o 

0 

0 

p 

CO 

> 

P 

